Market Capitalization: Large / Small

Highlights Trump's election victory means that there is potential for policy settings to flip from "easy money, tight fiscal" to "tight money, easy fiscal" The market implications of that shift are dollar bullish, bond bearish and equity mixed. The major risk is that violent currency and bond market moves rekindle emerging market stress and/or choke off the recovery before fiscal spending kicks in. Trump's trade reform risks being a tax on growth. Businesses may opt to automate instead of hire. A variety of factors now make small caps appealing relative to large caps. Feature Contrary to the pre-election consensus, Donald Trump's election victory has prompted a risk-on rally, based on the notion that Trump's vision of fiscal largesse will be realized (Chart 1). Ultimately, it will only become clear what policy changes are on the table once Trump takes office in January. The consensus at BCA is that Trump will be "unbound" in his first two years as President. Thus, if Trump lives up to his campaign promises, fiscal stimulus and trade restriction will be tabled early in 2017. Chart 1Trump Moves Trump Moves Trump Moves As we argue below, trade restrictions should be viewed as a tax on growth. We have doubts about the link between job creation and tariffs. If anything, imposing tariffs on imports could incite a more intense wave of automation. After all, the cost of capital is still attractive relative to labor costs. Meanwhile, fiscal spending - if delivered even close to the size and scope that Trump has hinted at in his pre-election speeches - will boost GDP growth well above trend in 2017. If that occurs, the dynamic that has existed since 2010, i.e. "tight fiscal, exceptionally easy money policy" will rapidly flip to "easy fiscal, tight money". For the bond market and the U.S. dollar, the investment implications are clear: Treasuries are likely to head higher, and the pressure will be for the U.S. dollar to rise. Implications for equities are less certain. If the U.S. dollar rises, it might rekindle emerging world financial stress and undermine U.S. corporate profits. The rapid rise in yields may not easily be digested by the equity market and it is notable that corporate spreads have not rallied along with other risk assets in recent days. We are comfortable maintaining a defensive stance. Donald Trump said a lot of things to a lot of people during the campaign process. He can't possibly deliver on all of his promises, but earlier this week, BCA sent out a Special Report to all clients, outlining the implications of the election results and what we expect he can accomplish.1 We believe there are three that are especially important for investors to monitor: the potential for trade restrictions, gauging fiscal stimulus and monetary policy settings in this possibly new environment. Stagflation? Trump has repeatedly signaled his intention to restrict American openness to international trade and the U.S. president can revoke international treaties solely on their own authority. Trump can also impose tariffs. All of this is of course inflationary, and it's the nasty kind. We have repeatedly written in this publication that, historically, the U.S. economy only falls into recessions for two reasons. The first is growth-restrictive monetary policy and the second is an adverse supply shock that acts like a tax on growth, e.g. an oil price spike. Tariffs are akin to the latter. Chart 2 shows that as import penetration rose over the past 30 years, tradeable goods price inflation steadily fell. A simple read of the chart suggests that with barriers in place and as import penetration recedes, the process of the past 30 years will reverse and consumer goods prices will rise. This can easily be absorbed if it is accompanied by rising wages via the "onshoring" of jobs. But that is not a foregone conclusion. Instead of bringing manufacturing jobs back to the U.S., a more logical decision might be for businesses to further automate production. After all, earlier studies have already concluded that nearly half of all existing jobs are at high risk of being automated over the next decade or so.2 As Chart 3 shows, with the price of capital equipment and software still falling and the cost of capital so low relative to the cost of labor, the incentive to automate instead of hire is high. Chart 2Trade And Inflation Trade And Inflation Trade And Inflation Chart 3Tariffs May Lead To Robots, Not Jobs Tariffs May Lead To Robots, Not Jobs Tariffs May Lead To Robots, Not Jobs The bottom line is that increased tariffs will increase prices in the near term. But it is hardly clear that this will improve the lives of voters or create a more virtuous economic recovery. Opening The Fiscal Taps... In last week's report, we explored the potential for fiscal spending to turbocharge the U.S. economy. We warned that fiscal multipliers are probably not overly high in the current environment and the effectiveness of fiscal spending is highly dependent on the type of fiscal stimulus. Trump has called for significantly lowering both income and corporate taxes, although his main pitch has been infrastructure spending. The latter tends to have the highest multiplier effects, but can often take a long time to get underway. However, one important point is that Trump will face little political restraint, at least in his first two years in office. Gridlock will not be a problem given that all three Houses are now in GOP hands. And it will be difficult politically for Republicans in the Senate and House to stand in Trump's way given that he has just been elected on a populist platform; it would be seen as thwarting the will of the people. Over the past 28 years, each new president has generally succeeded in passing their signature items. Moreover, the GOP has historically not been that fiscally conservative. Overall, a Trump government will more than make up for the drag from weak state and local spending that we wrote about last week. Exactly how big of an impulse will only become clear once Trump takes office. ...And Tightening The Money Supply? Forecasts about the impact of fiscal spending on 2017 GDP growth are premature, since it is impossible to decipher an action plan from campaign rhetoric. And the severity of stagflation due to trade restrictions will be highly dependent on the form and scope of trade reform. Ergo, it is too early to make bold new assumptions about the path of Fed rate hikes. An aggressive fiscal plan that boosts GDP well above trend growth would force policymakers to revise their expected path of rate hikes higher. That would be a sea change from the past four years, when policymakers have consistently revised the neutral rate down. We are not worried about central bank independence or Janet Yellen's future. Donald Trump has, at various times, both praised and attacked Janet Yellen and current monetary policy settings. A review of the Fed may happen at some point, but we assert that investigating the Fed will not be a priority early in Trump's mandate. Market Action The bond market has already priced in more inflation and more growth for 2017 since Trump's victory. 10-year Treasury yields have surged to 2.15% and momentum selling could lift the 10-year Treasury yield even further into oversold territory. But that is not a case to become aggressively underweight duration. Dollar strength and rising bond yields have already tightened financial conditions significantly over the past several weeks. The risk is that these trends go too far in the near term, inflicting economic damage before fiscal spending kicks in. Given the easy monetary stance of central banks around the world, lack of significant fiscal stimulus elsewhere, economic growth outperformance in the U.S. and rising interest rates, the dollar should rise in the medium term. We remain dollar bulls. We have been surprised by the equity market action since November 8. Although we repeatedly wrote that a Trump victory was unlikely to have meaningful negative consequences for risk asset prices, we did not anticipate a rally. As for equities, our cautiousness toward risk assets in 2016 has been primarily focused on the ongoing headwinds for profits in a demand-deficient economy, especially while margins are falling and valuations are elevated (Chart 4). Greater fiscal spending would surely help to alleviate our concern, although that conclusion seems premature given the lack of contour to Trump's plans so far. Perhaps the greatest downside risk is a reaction from China. After all, Trump's anti-trade rhetoric has been pointed (mostly) at China and Asia. Recall that in August, 2015, the RMB was devalued just weeks ahead of an expected rate hike from the Fed. That devaluation sent shock waves through financial markets and ultimately delayed the Fed rate hike until the end of the year (Chart 5). A similar proactive policy move from Chinese policymakers should be on investors' radars. Overall, we remain comfortable with our cautious equity stance, albeit recent market action has created an entry point in favor of small relative to large cap stocks. Chart 4Equity Fundamentals Still Poor Equity Fundamentals Still Poor Equity Fundamentals Still Poor Chart 5China: Global Stability Risk? China: Global Stability Risk? China: Global Stability Risk? Enter Small Cap Bias We upgraded small caps relative to large caps to neutral in August. We now recommend investors make the full switch to a small cap bias relative to large caps. Small cap stocks were hit harder than large caps in the weeks leading up to the election, as investors shed riskier assets; we believe this provides a good entry point to a cyclical uptrend in small cap performance (Chart 6). True, at first glance, advocating for small cap exposure appears inconsistent with our overall defensive equity strategy. After all, small cap outperformance tends to be associated with risk-on phases. However, small cap stocks have a variety of other characteristics that currently make them appealing relative to larger caps. Chart 6(Part I) Favor Small/Large Caps (Part I) Favor Small/Large Caps (Part I) Favor Small/Large Caps Chart 7(Part II) Favor Small/Large Caps (Part II) Favor Small/Large Caps (Part II) Favor Small/Large Caps Small cap companies tend to be more domestically focused. We expect that U.S. growth will continue to outpace growth overseas. And particularly important, small cap companies, with their domestic focus, are better insulated from dollar strength (Chart 7). Small cap weightings are no longer geared toward cyclical sectors. As part of our cautious strategy, we remain focused on defensive vs. cyclical sectors. There are no major differences between large and small cap defensive and cyclical sector weightings (Table 1). Trump corporate tax reform, if implemented, will favor small, domestic firms. Because major corporations already have low effective tax rates, any lowering of the marginal rate will benefit small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and the domestic oriented S&P 500 corporations. If corporate tax reform also includes closing loopholes that benefit the major multi-national corporations (MNCs), then this would diminish their current tax advantage vis-à-vis smaller companies. Table 1Similar Weightings For Small And Large Cap Cyclicals And Defensives Easier Fiscal, Tighter Money? Easier Fiscal, Tighter Money? Bottom Line: Small cap outperformance is typically associated with risk-on equity phases. However, valuations now favor small caps. Importantly, small caps are better insulated from dollar strength and are one way to play the domestic vs. global theme. Additionally, smaller firms will be the relative winners from corporate tax reform. Small caps are set to outperform large caps. Lenka Martinek, Vice President U.S. Investment Strategy lenka@bcaresearch.com 1 Please see Geopolitical Strategy Special Report "U.S. Election: Outcomes & Investment Implications," dated November 9, 2016, available at gps.bcaresearch.com 2 "The Future Of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs To Computerisation?" Carl Frey and Michael Osborne, September 2013. Appendix Monthly Asset Allocation Model Update Our Asset Allocation (AA) model provides an objective assessment of the outlook for relative returns across equities, Treasuries and cash. It combines valuation, cyclical, monetary and technical indicators. The model was constructed as a capital preservation tool, and has historically outperformed the benchmark in large part by avoiding major equity bear markets. Please note that our official cyclical asset allocation recommendations deviate at times from the model's recommendation. The model is just one input to our decision process Chart 8. The model's recommended weightings for the major asset classes remained unchanged this month: neutral equity exposure at 60% (benchmark 60%), slightly overweight Treasury allocation at 40% (benchmark 30%) and underweight cash at 0% (benchmark 10%). The neutral portfolio recommendation for equities is in line with our qualitative defensive stance, in place since August 2015. Although the technical component of the equity model still has a "buy" signal, the breadth indicator has moved into less favorable territory relative to the momentum indicator. The monetary component has also slightly weakened but retains its positive bias for equities. The earnings-driven component continues to warrant caution as expectations for the outlook of corporate profits would need to be bolstered through stronger economic stronger growth over the medium term. Our qualitative stance for the allocation of Treasuries in balanced portfolios is neutral (since November 7, 2016) in contrast to the slightly overweight recommendation from our quantitative model. Even so, despite that the "buy signals" of the cyclical and technical components of the bond model still persist, the preference for Treasuries has diminished to some extent. Nevertheless, the valuation component continues trending towards expensive territory and a "buy signal" remains in place Chart 9. Chart 8Portfolio Total Returns Portfolio Total Returns Portfolio Total Returns Chart 9Current Model Recommendations Current Model Recommendations Current Model Recommendations Note: The asset allocation model is not necessarily consistent with the weighting recommendations of the Cyclical Investment Stance. For further information, please see our Special Report "Presenting Our U.S. Asset Allocation Model", February 6, 2009.

After a prolonged consolidation phase, small caps are now on the cheap side of fair value compared with large caps. We anticipate a return to premium valuations. The main driver will be a narrowing in the yawning profit margin gap. The chart shows that small companies have already experienced a massive margin compression. But the latest NFIB survey of the small business sector showed that labor compensation plans have continued to ease, while price hikes ticked higher. In contrast, the overall employment cost index is grinding higher. We doubt revenue contribution to large companies from the rest of the world will be able to offset this convergence in labor costs, given that the global credit impulse continues to signal that growth reacceleration is not imminent. The bottom line is that the budding advance in the small/large cap ratio should stay intact. We reiterate our bullish view on small caps. bca.uses_in_2016_09_14_001_c1 bca.uses_in_2016_09_14_001_c1

Disappointing ISM surveys could signal a growth consolidation.
That, in turn, would spur a correction in risk assets.

The path of least resistance for the small/large cap ratio is higher. As outlined in our August 15 Weekly Report, small cap profit margins have already been crunched, while large cap margins are only just beginning to get squeezed. Wage trends between small and large companies argue for a closing of this gap, providing a catalyst for a re-rating. External factors are also supportive. Risky assets have surged around the world since expectations for additional Fed rate hikes were deferred and central banks in the rest of the world have opened the liquidity taps even wider. The small/large cap ratio typically follows the trend in our Risk Asset Composite, a mix of high beta currencies, commodities and equity markets, with a lag, and the current message is that there is catch up room ahead. We reiterate our recent shift to a small vs. large cap bias. bca.uses_in_2016_08_24_002_c1 bca.uses_in_2016_08_24_002_c1

The small vs. large cap ratio peaked in 2014 and should have experienced a tumultuous corrective phase, given that the bulk of the major equity indexes such as the Value Line and Wilshire indexes endured bear markets, driven by tightening financial conditions, credit concerns, a global manufacturing recession and commodity price crunch. However, the corrective phase has been more lateral than down and our concerns about outsized profit margin compression have now come to pass: small cap margins have been crushed, especially relative to large caps. But this gap should close. The NFIB survey of the small business sector shows that labor compensation plans have rolled over. In addition, the NFIB reported price changes index has troughed. At the same time, the overall employment cost index, a good proxy for large cap wage expenses, is accelerating. The upshot is that small cap margins should soon stabilize, while large cap margins continue to get squeezed. Small caps are now slightly cheaper than large caps, according to our gauge, and a move back to a premium is probably if the profit margin gap closes on the back of renewed strength in the U.S. dollar. Bottom Line: shift to a small cap preference and please see yesterday's Weekly Report for more details. bca.uses_in_2016_08_16_001_c1 bca.uses_in_2016_08_16_001_c1

Shift to a small vs. large cap bias as a stealth way to play the overall equity market overshoot. The oversold bounce in banks is not worth chasing, and buy dips in medical equipment stocks.

The latest rebound in risk assets raises the question of whether small caps have become more attractive compared with large caps. However, fundamental analysis signals little chance of a sustained recovery. While the relative P/E for small vs. large caps has downshifted out of overvalued territory, an undershoot is still a serious risk. Our Cyclical Capitalization Indicator, which uses macro variables to forecast relative profit trends between small and large companies, is sinking deeper into negative territory, sending a sell signal. Specifically, there is a large and growing gap between small and large company profit margins. The latest NFIB survey of the small business sector showed that planned labor compensation continues to grind higher, even though reported price changes are falling and CEO confidence is sputtering. Typically, labor compensation plans and price changes move hand in hand, but the gap this cycle is indicative of small cap profit margin pressure. Consequently, small cap valuations are likely to move to a steep discount to those of large caps. bca.uses_in_2016_04_13_001_c1 bca.uses_in_2016_04_13_001_c1

A lack of confirming growth indicators puts the equity advance at risk. Lift hypermarkets to overweight, stick with homebuilders and fade any small and/or mid cap relative strength.

The Fed's decision to scale back intended interest rate hikes reflects economic reality.

Small caps have enjoyed a modest oversold bounce relative to large caps, but the latest NFIB survey of the small business sector warns that these gains are likely to fully reverse, and more. The tightening in domestic monetary conditions appears to have begun taking a toll on both small business confidence, and access to funding. That is noteworthy, because history shows that small caps underperform large caps when credit tightens (top panel), given that the former rely more heavily on the banking sector for financing than do large caps. Meanwhile, optimism about the economy has tanked, perhaps reflecting the intensification in deflation pressures: the number of companies reporting price increases has plunged. While labor compensation also eased, suggesting increasing overall labor market slack, it was not enough to offset the loss of pricing power. Our small cap profit margin proxy continues to sink. We reiterate our large cap bias. A Bearish Small Business Survey A Bearish Small Business Survey