Sweden

Highlights The Fed is behind the curve in raising rates, as is the Bank of Canada, the Reserve Bank of Australia, the Reserve Bank of New Zealand, and the Swedish Riksbank. In contrast, the Bank of Japan, the ECB, and the Swiss National Bank have little need to tighten monetary policy. Accordingly, investors should favor USD, CAD, SEK, NZD, and to a lesser extent, AUD. EUR, CHF, and JPY will weaken. GBP will trade sideways. Short-term momentum could push EUR/USD to 1.18, but the euro will ultimately reach parity against the dollar next year, as the Fed is forced to accelerate the pace of rate hikes. Stay structurally long DXY. Go long SEK/CHF. We are closing our longstanding overweight positions in Australian and New Zealand government bonds for a handsome profit. Remain overweight global equities for now, but be prepared to turn bearish in the second half of 2018. Feature The Fed: It's Time To Get A Bit More Hawkish In our December 2015 report "The Fed Makes An Unforced Error," we made the case that the Federal Reserve would regret its decision to tighten monetary policy.1 Subsequent events validated this view: U.S. growth sagged in the first half of 2016, leading to a sharp flattening in the yield curve. It would be another 12 months before the Fed raised rates again. As bond prices and the economic data evolved over the course of 2016, our recommendations changed accordingly. On July 5th, we published a note entitled "The End Of The 35-Year Bond Bull Market" arguing that it was time to take profits on long duration positions.2 As luck would have it, this was the exact same date that the 10-year Treasury yield hit a record closing low of 1.37%. Fast forward to the present and investors are once again debating the next steps that central banks are likely to take. However, unlike in 2015, a strong case can be made that the Fed is now behind the curve in raising rates, rather than ahead of it. There are three reasons for this: There is less slack now than in 2015. The unemployment rate stands at 4.4%, down from 5% in December 2015. The broader U-6 unemployment rate has fallen even more, from 9.9% to 8.6%. Other measures of labor market slack are also closing in on their past business-cycle lows (Table 1). Table 1Comparing Current Labor Market Slack With Past Cycles Are Central Banks Behind The Curve Or Ahead Of It? Are Central Banks Behind The Curve Or Ahead Of It? The neutral interest rate has likely risen somewhat over the past 18 months (Chart 1). Household debt has continued to decline as a share of disposable income. The share of national income going to labor has increased. Wage growth among lower-income workers who tend to spend most of their paychecks has accelerated. All this should give consumers the wherewithal to spend more, warranting higher interest rates. Bank balance sheets have also continued to improve, as evidenced by the recent stress test results. In addition, fiscal policy has eased modestly and could ease even more if Congress is able to pass legislation cutting taxes later this year or in early 2018. Financial conditions have eased significantly since the start of the year, which should boost growth in the second half of this year (Chart 2). This is in sharp contrast to 2015, a year when financial conditions tightened sharply. Easier financial conditions are boosting credit growth. The annualized 3-month change in bank credit has accelerated from 1.1% in April to 4.2% at present. (Chart 3). Chart 1Households Have The Wherewithal To Spend More Households Have The Wherewithal To Spend More Households Have The Wherewithal To Spend More Chart 2Financial Conditions Have Eased Financial Conditions Have Eased Financial Conditions Have Eased Chart 3Credit Growth Has Picked Up Credit Growth Has Picked Up Credit Growth Has Picked Up The prospect of stronger growth over the next few quarters implies that the unemployment rate is likely to fall below 4% early next year, possibly breaking through the 2000 low of 3.8%. If that were to happen, the unemployment rate would end up being nearly a full percentage point below the Fed's estimate of NAIRU. It is possible, of course, that the true value of NAIRU is lower than official estimates suggest. Older workers change jobs less frequently, and so an aging workforce tends to produce less frictional unemployment. The internet has also improved the ability of companies to fill vacancies with suitable workers. On the flipside, declining geographical mobility and falling demand for low-skilled labor may have raised structural unemployment. On balance, we are skeptical that the current estimate of NAIRU of 4.7% - already one percentage point below its post-1960 average (Chart 4) - is significantly overstated. A tighter U.S. labor market will put upward pressure on wages. While recent wage data has been on the soft side, our wage tracker is still growing twice as fast as in 2010 (Chart 5). Indeed, for all the talk about how wage growth is "inexplicably" slow, real wages have been rising more quickly than productivity for three straight years now - the longest stretch since the late 1990s (Chart 6). Chart 4NAIRU Is Low By Historic Standards NAIRU Is Low By Historic Standards NAIRU Is Low By Historic Standards Chart 5A Stronger Labor Market Will Lead To Faster Wage Growth A Stronger Labor Market Will Lead To Faster Wage Growth A Stronger Labor Market Will Lead To Faster Wage Growth Chart 6Real Wages Now Increasing Faster Than Productivity Real Wages Now Increasing Faster Than Productivity Real Wages Now Increasing Faster Than Productivity Inflation: A Lagging Indicator When will accelerating wage growth translate into sharply higher price inflation? Probably not this year. Historically, inflation has been the mother-of-all lagging indicators. Core inflation peaked at 2.5% in August 2008, eight months after the start of the recession. In fact, core inflation has topped out in every single business cycle over the past 40 years only after the expansion has ended and the recession begun (Chart 7). Likewise, core inflation typically bottoms several years after the economic recovery is underway. This suggests that inflation could stay subdued for the next 12 months as the labor market slowly overheats, before moving higher in the second half of 2018. Chart 7Inflation Is A Lagging Indicator Are Central Banks Behind The Curve Or Ahead Of It? Are Central Banks Behind The Curve Or Ahead Of It? If the Fed drags its feet in raising interest rates, it will be difficult to achieve a soft landing. Stabilizing the economy is akin to landing a plane: You don't just need to know the speed at which you have to hit the runway, you also have to time your descent in order to touch the ground at precisely the right speed. Even if the Fed knew where the neutral interest rate stood (which it doesn't), tightening monetary policy too late could end up pushing the unemployment rate to such a low level that it has nowhere to go but up. And as we have shown before, once the unemployment rate starts rising, it generally keeps rising, owing to the presence of numerous negative feedback loops.3 The Fed has arguably already fallen into the trap of waiting too long. If so, gradual rate hikes this year will give way to more aggressive hikes late next year, setting the stage for a recession in 2019. The Bank Of Canada Turns Hawkish On the other side of the 45th parallel, the Bank of Canada raised rates last week and signaled that further hikes lie in store. The BoC revised up its GDP growth forecasts for 2017 and 2018. It also indicated that the output gap would close later this year, rather than next year as it had earlier projected. The Bank of Canada's newfound optimism was bolstered by the most recent Business Outlook Survey, which pointed to accelerating growth, dwindling spare industrial capacity, and an increasingly tight labor market (Chart 8). The moose in the living room is the Canadian housing market (Chart 9). Central bankers are generally reluctant to use the blunt tool of tighter monetary policy to target excessive property prices. However, when stricter macroprudential regulations fail to do the job, the standard prescription is to tighten monetary policy slowly but early. The Bank of Canada has done the former but not the latter. Consequently, as my colleague Jonathan LaBerge argued in last week's Special Report, the coming housing bust is likely to be a nasty affair.4 This will be the price the Bank of Canada pays for being behind the curve. Chart 8Canadian Growth Picture Is Upbeat Are Central Banks Behind The Curve Or Ahead Of It? Are Central Banks Behind The Curve Or Ahead Of It? Chart 9Housing Bubbles Abound Housing Bubbles Abound Housing Bubbles Abound For now, we remain long the Canadian dollar in our currency recommendations. We are expressing this view by being long CAD/EUR, a trade that has gained 3.5% in the nine weeks since we initiated it. We also recommend being underweight Canadian government bonds within a global fixed-income portfolio. It is important to stress, however, that these are 12-month views. Most Canadian mortgages are floating rate. Higher borrowing costs will likely trigger a housing bust late next year or in 2019, forcing the Bank of Canada to slow or even reverse the pace of rate hikes. The RBA And RBNZ ... Behind The Curve Too Australia and New Zealand have also been grappling with dangerously overvalued housing markets, and just as in Canada, the RBA and RBNZ have been behind the curve in responding to the brewing excesses. That is starting to change. The Reserve Bank of Australia struck a hawkish tone in the July 4 meeting minutes released this week, sending the Aussie dollar to a 26-month high against the greenback. The RBA highlighted the improvement in business conditions and a tightening labor market. It also indicated that the "neutral cash rate" was 3.5%, two points higher than the rate of 1.5%. Australia's terms of trade have been recovering of late and this should support the economy as well as the Aussie dollar (Chart 10). The RBNZ is even further behind the curve than the RBA (Chart 11). Nominal GDP is growing at over 6% and retail sales are expanding at nearly 8%. Population growth has risen sharply in recent years due to increased immigration, leading to greater demand for housing. The government has increased infrastructure spending and cut taxes. The unemployment rate has fallen back to an 8-year low of 4.9%, while the terms of trade is approaching record-high levels. Chart 10RBA Behind The Curve... RBA Behind The Curve... RBA Behind The Curve... Chart 11... And RBNZ Too? ... And RBNZ Too? ... And RBNZ Too? With all this in mind, we are closing our longstanding overweight positions in Australian and New Zealand government bonds for gains of 59.5% and 74.2%, respectively.5 Riksbank: End Of NIRP? The Swedish repo rate stands at -0.5%, despite the fact that the output gap has moved into positive territory (Chart 12). Inflation is still slightly below target, but is moving higher. The Riksbank is taking notice of the changing economic environment. The central bank backed away from its easing bias at its most recent policy meeting. The facts on the ground support this decision. Sweden's GDP is now 0.7% above potential and the economy continues to strengthen. The Riksbank's resource utilization indicator points to a sharp acceleration in Swedish inflation in the coming quarters. Nonfinancial private credit has reached 237% of GDP, up from 106% in 2000. If the Riksbank falls too far behind the curve, it will be forced to jack up rates very aggressively down the road, reviving the specter of the debt crisis of the early 1990s. The ECB, SNB, And BoJ: Take It Easy Whereas a strong case can be made that the central banks discussed above are behind the curve in normalizing monetary policy, the same cannot be said for the ECB, Swiss National Bank, or Bank of Japan. Labor market slack across the euro area as a whole is still 3.2 percentage points higher than in 2008 and 6.7 points higher outside of Germany (Chart 13). Moreover, as we discussed two weeks ago, the neutral rate in the euro area remains very depressed.6 Thus, even if the euro area economy were close to full employment, the ECB would still not have much scope to raise rates. Chart 12NIRP In Sweden: R.I.P. NIRP In Sweden: R.I.P. NIRP In Sweden: R.I.P. Chart 13Euro Area: Labor Market Slack Still High Outside Of Germany Euro Area: Labor Market Slack Still High Outside Of Germany Euro Area: Labor Market Slack Still High Outside Of Germany In this light, investors have gotten too optimistic about the ability of the ECB to tighten monetary policy. While the ECB will further taper asset purchases as early as this autumn, sustained rate hikes are still a few years away. Mario Draghi explicitly said during his press conference yesterday that "the last thing that the governing council may want is actually an unwanted tightening of the financing conditions." This is in sharp contrast to the Fed, which is trying to tighten financial conditions by raising rates. Swiss monetary conditions are far from accommodative, despite a policy rate that remains buried in negative territory (Chart 14). Core inflation is close to zero and wage growth is anemic. An overvalued currency has offset the benefits from lower interest rates. Given the SNB's policy of intervening in the currency markets to keep EUR/CHF within a reasonably tight range, the recent appreciation of the euro will further add to the deflationary pressures weighing on the Swiss economy. Investors should position for a weaker franc (and euro) in the months ahead. Go long SEK/CHF (Chart 15). Chart 14The Swiss Economy Still Needs Low Rates The Swiss Economy Still Needs Low Rates The Swiss Economy Still Needs Low Rates Chart 15Long SEK/CHF Long SEK/CHF Long SEK/CHF Similar to the ECB and the SNB, the Bank of Japan is in no position to tighten monetary policy. Core inflation has fallen back to zero and medium-to-long-term inflation expectations have dipped so far this year (Chart 16). The annual shunto wage negotiations this summer produced little in the way of salary hikes. And even if inflation were to rise, the government would likely want to tighten fiscal policy before contemplating removing the monetary punch bowl. The Bank Of England: A Tough Call If one didn't know what transpired last June, the case for tighter monetary policy in the U.K. would be fairly straightforward. The unemployment rate is at a 9-year low and inflation is well above target. The trade-weighted pound has weakened by 21% since November 2015, which in most cases, would translate into stronger growth in the years ahead. Reflecting these points, our Central Bank Monitors show that the U.K. is more in need of tighter money than any other major developed economy (Chart 17). Chart 16BoJ: In No Position To Tighten BoJ: In No Position To Tighten BoJ: In No Position To Tighten Chart 17The Message From Our Central Bank Monitors The Message From Our Central Bank Monitors The Message From Our Central Bank Monitors Brexit negotiations are likely to cast a pall over the economy, however. The EU will be forced to take a tough line with the U.K., for fear that the Brexit vote could prompt other countries to follow's Britain's lead. BCA's geopolitical strategists ultimately expect a "hard Brexit" to be averted, but things may need to be brought to the precipice before that happens. The pound is cheap and so we do not expect it to weaken significantly from current levels. Nevertheless, the upside for both sterling and gilt yields will remain constrained until political uncertainty abates. Investment Conclusions As a rule of thumb, investors should favor currencies in economies whose central banks are behind the curve. Such central banks are likely to find themselves in a position where they have to scramble to tighten monetary policy. We noted on July 7th that short-term momentum favors the euro and that we would not be surprised if EUR/USD reaches 1.18 over the coming weeks. Looking further ahead, the appreciation of the euro in the first half of this year will weigh on growth in the remainder of 2017 and into early 2018. This will force the ECB to cool its heels. In contrast, U.S. growth should accelerate. Against the backdrop of diminished spare capacity, this will prompt the Fed to turn more hawkish. We expect EUR/USD to fall to 1.05 by year-end, and reach parity next year as the Fed ramps up the pace of rate hikes. The market is betting that the Fed will deliver fewer rate hikes than implied by the 'dots'. Our hunch is that the Fed will deliver more hikes than what its forecast suggests, especially starting early next year when inflation is liable to accelerate. Bullish sentiment towards the dollar has collapsed. Investors should turn contrarian and position for a stronger greenback over the next 12 months. In addition to the dollar, we like the Swedish krona, Canadian dollar, and New Zealand dollar. The Aussie dollar should also perform reasonably well, provided that the Chinese economy continues to hold up, as we expect it will. The Japanese yen remains our least favorite currency. Despite the dollar selloff, USD/JPY has managed to gain 3% since mid-April. As the Fed and a number of other central banks raise rates, the spread in yields between foreign government bonds and JGBs will widen. This will push down the yen, helping Japanese stocks in the process. As far as overall risk sentiment is concerned, another rule of thumb says that stocks rarely fall on a sustained basis outside of recessions (Chart 18). We do not expect a recession in the U.S. or elsewhere until 2019. This implies that investors should maintain an overweight position in global equities for now, favoring cyclical sectors over defensive ones. Chart 18Stocks Rarely Fall On A Sustained Basis Outside Of Recessions Stocks Rarely Fall On A Sustained Basis Outside Of Recessions Stocks Rarely Fall On A Sustained Basis Outside Of Recessions Peter Berezin, Global Chief Strategist Global Investment Strategy peterb@bcaresearch.com 1 Please see Global Investment Strategy Weekly Report, "The Fed Makes An Unforced Error," dated December 18, 2015, available at gis.bcaresearch.com. 2 Please see Global Investment Strategy Special Report, "End Of The 35-Year Bond Bull Market," dated July 5, 2016, available at gis.bcaresearch.com 3 Please see Global Investment Strategy Weekly Report, "When Doves Cry," dated June 9, 2017, available at gis.bcaresearch.com. 4 Please see Global Investment Strategy Special Report, "Canada: A (Probably) Happy Moment In An Otherwise Sad Story," dated July 14, 2017, available at gis.bcaresearch.com. 5 Calculated as the total excess return on the 10-year bond index relative to global government benchmark since inception in 2009, foreign-currency hedged since 2014. The 10-year yield for New Zealand government bonds has dropped from 4.28% at the time of inception to 2.94% today. The 10-year yield for Australian government bonds has fallen from 4.10% to 2.74% over this period. 6 Please see Global Investment Strategy Weekly Report, "Draghi's Dilemma," dated July 7, 2017, available at gis.bcaresearch.com. Strategy & Market Trends Tactical Trades Strategic Recommendations Closed Trades

Highlights The era of divergent monetary policies between the ECB and the Fed is over. Re-convergence has a lot further to go. As the ECB ends its ultra-accommodation, it will also liberate Sweden's Riksbank. Go long Swedish krone/dollar as an alternative or addition to long euro/dollar. Bond investors should underweight Swedish government bonds versus a European or global benchmark, currency hedged. Equity investors should remain overweight European banks and retailers versus U.S. banks and retailers, currency unhedged. The risk of persistent inflation will rise only after the next severe global downturn. Feature "Is the 2% inflation target still a very realistic aim?" - Ewald Nowotny, ECB Governing Council member As the ECB Governing Council gathers for its latest monetary policy meeting, some voices within its ranks are starting to question the ECB's first commandment: the 2% inflation target. Respected and influential ECB Governing Council member, Ewald Nowotny, has asked whether there should "be an easing of the 2% inflation goal in the sense of setting a range instead of a clear-cut target." Across the Baltic Sea, Sweden's Riksbank is one step ahead. Recently, it suggested (re)introducing a variation band of 1% either side of the 2% inflation target1 to acknowledge that persistent 2% inflation is very difficult, or impossible, to achieve (Chart of the Week). More concerning, the single-minded pursuit of 2% inflation creates risks and instabilities. The Riksbank's inflation target has forced it into an absurd position: with inflation undershooting for over five years, the policy interest rate is now at -0.5% when Swedish GDP growth was recently running at a world-beating 4.5% clip (Chart I-2). Chart I-1Mission Impossible:##br## 2% Inflation Mission Impossible: 2% Inflation Mission Impossible: 2% Inflation Chart I-2Absurd: Interest Rate At -0.5% ##br##When Growth Is At 4.5% Absurd: Interest Rate At -0.5% When Growth Is At 4.5% Absurd: Interest Rate At -0.5% When Growth Is At 4.5% Hence, Riksbank Governor, Stefan Ingves, recently proposed that "central banks should also have the explicit responsibility for financial stability." The former governor of the Bank of Japan, Masaaki Shirkawa agrees. "My worry with setting a precise number (of 2%) is that it can crowd out other very important considerations, such as financial stability." What's So Special About 2% Inflation Anyway? Given the almost religious significance of the 2% inflation target for central banks, you would think that there is a well-established theoretical and empirical basis both for inflation targeting and for the 2% number. But you would be wrong. As we explained two years ago in our special report Mission Impossible: 2% Inflation,2 inflation targeting only became established in the 1990s, and the magic 2% number was pulled out of the air. Chart I-3The Riksbank Has Undershot ##br##Its 2% Inflation Target For 5 Years The Riksbank Has Undershot Its 2% Inflation Target For 5 Years The Riksbank Has Undershot Its 2% Inflation Target For 5 Years At the Federal Reserve's July 1996 policy meeting, Chairman Alan Greenspan argued that if the aim of inflation targeting was a truly stable price level, it entailed an inflation target of 0-1% (because measured inflation slightly overstates true inflation.) But one of the persons present was not so sure. The dissenter was a Fed governor called Janet L. Yellen. She countered that if inflation ended up at 0-1%, the zero-bound of interest rates would prevent "real interest rates becoming negative on the rare occasions when required to counter a recession." Yellen's pragmatism won the day, and Greenspan summarized "we have now all agreed on 2%" Meanwhile in Europe, the ECB's original inflation target of below 2% was close to Greenspan's proposal of 0-1%. But in 2003 the ECB changed its inflation target to its current "below but close to 2%". The reason, according to Mario Draghi: "The founding fathers of the ECB thought about the adjustment within the euro area, the rebalancing of the different members. To rebalance these disequilibria, since the countries do not have the exchange rate, they have to readjust their prices. This readjustment is much harder if you have zero inflation than if you have 2%." Hence, the Fed, ECB and other central banks are targeting inflation at a low but arbitrary number, 2%, to always allow some leeway for negative real rates; and in the case of the ECB, to allow easier convergence among disparate euro area economies. But as the Riksbank and other central banks have now acknowledged, trying to hit and hold inflation at a point target of 2% is both futile and dangerous (Chart I-3). Why 2% Inflation Is A Mission Impossible The crux of the issue is that inflation is a notoriously non-linear phenomenon. A defining feature of a non-linear phenomenon is that you cannot just turn it up or down like the volume dial on your music system. Non-linear phenomena experience sudden and violent phase-shifts from stability to instability, making it very difficult to hit and hold a point target like 2%. To experience this difficulty for yourself, try pulling a brick across a table using an elastic band. Initially, the brick doesn't move because of the friction with the table. But at a tipping point the brick does move, and the friction simultaneously decreases, self-reinforcing the brick's acceleration. Meanwhile, your pull on the elastic continues to increase as you react with a time-lag. The result is that this non-linear system suddenly phase-shifts from stability - the brick doesn't move - to violent instability - the brick hits you in the face! Try as hard as you might, it is near-impossible to pull the brick across the table at a constant speed of, say, 2mph. A very similar dynamic applies to inflation. The system suddenly phase-shifts from stability - near-zero inflation - to violent instability. It is near-impossible to keep inflation at an arbitrary constant of, say, 2%. To understand why, consider the standard identity of monetary economics: MV = PT M is the broad money supply, V is its velocity of circulation, P is the price level and T is the volume of transactions. PT is effectively nominal GDP. Theoretically and empirically, both M and V are notoriously non-linear phenomena (Chart I-4, Chart I-5, Chart I-6, Chart I-7) - because they are subject to the same conditions as the brick pulled by an elastic band: inertia, then self-reinforcement with delayed controlling feedback. Chart I-4The Velocity Of Money... Mission Impossible: 2% Inflation - An Update Mission Impossible: 2% Inflation - An Update Chart I-5...Is A Non-Linear Phenomenon Mission Impossible: 2% Inflation - An Update Mission Impossible: 2% Inflation - An Update Chart I-6The Money Multiplier... The Money Multiplier... The Money Multiplier... Chart I-7...Is A Non-Linear Phenomenon ...Is A Non-Linear Phenomenon ...Is A Non-Linear Phenomenon As policymakers try to take inflation away from its natural state of near-zero, nothing happens at first. But at a tipping point, the self-reinforcement of inflation expectations becomes explosive. Whereupon, the money supply, M, gaps up because it becomes rational for banks to lend as much as possible. And its velocity, V, also gaps up because it becomes rational to spend the money - both newly created and pre-existing balances - as quickly as possible. Hence, the product MV experiences an even sharper non-linearity. Well-intentioned policymakers would think they could apply a controlling feedback to MV. But how? Economic and monetary data are noisy, imprecise and take time to collect and parse. As we have shown, inappropriate and/or delayed feedback just adds to the system's instability. Seen in this light, inflation-targeting in the 1990s worked because central banks were just helping economies move from an unnatural state - uncontrolled inflation - towards a natural state - price stability (Table I-1 and Chart I-8). But now that economies have reached a natural near-zero inflation rate, point targeting an unnatural inflation rate is both futile and dangerous. Table I-1For 700 Years U.K. Inflation ##br##Averaged Near-Zero Mission Impossible: 2% Inflation - An Update Mission Impossible: 2% Inflation - An Update Chart I-8Excluding Wars, Persistent Inflation Was ##br##Very Unusual... Until The Late 20th Century Excluding Wars, Persistent Inflation Was Very Unusual... Until The Late 20th Century Excluding Wars, Persistent Inflation Was Very Unusual... Until The Late 20th Century The Investment Implications The ECB's Nowotny argues that "the 2% inflation target should include a certain flexibility." The Riksbank's Ingves agrees, and adds that extreme and unprecedented loose monetary policy endangers financial stability. Central banks tend not to volte-face as it damages their credibility. But to us, it is clear that the ECB and Riksbank are switching their focus from sub-2% inflation to their economies' robust growth. And to the risk that ultra-accommodative policy poses to financial stability and market distortion. Hence, the era of divergent monetary policies between the ECB and the Fed is over. Re-convergence has a lot further to go. As the ECB ends its ultra-accommodation, it will also liberate the Riksbank whose policy has inevitably mirrored Frankfurt - for fear of a sharp appreciation of the Swedish krone versus the euro. Our currency mantra this year has been "euro first, pound second, dollar third." The strategy has performed extremely well, and into this mix we can add the Swedish krone. Go long Swedish krone/dollar as an alternative or addition to long euro/dollar (Chart I-9). Chart I-9Long SEK/USD Is An Alternative ##br##To Long EUR/USD Long SEK/USD Is An Alternative To Long EUR/USD Long SEK/USD Is An Alternative To Long EUR/USD Chart I-10Underweight Swedish Bonds Is An Alternative To Underweight German Bunds Underweight Swedish Bonds Is An Alternative To Underweight German Bunds Underweight Swedish Bonds Is An Alternative To Underweight German Bunds The bond market corollary is to underweight Swedish government bonds - just like German bunds - versus a European or global benchmark, currency hedged (Chart I-10). The equity market implication is to remain overweight European banks and retailers versus U.S. banks and retailers, currency unhedged. Finally, given that inflation could ultimately phase-shift to violent instability, when should we worry about it? Not yet. To expand the broad money supply, someone has to borrow money. So if policymakers really want to create rampant inflation, the government has to borrow and spend money at will,3 with the central bank creating it. In other words, the central bank loses its independence and fiscal policy becomes irresponsibly loose. The risk of this remains low until the next severe downturn - when policymakers may be forced into desperate measures for a desperate situation. Until then, own some bonds. Our preference is Spanish Bonos and U.S. T-bonds. Dhaval Joshi, Senior Vice President European Investment Strategy dhaval@bcaresearch.com 1 The Swedish FSA has said that the Riksbank should delay the change until a parliament review of Riksbank policy rules is completed in about 2 years. 2 Published on August 20, 2015 and available at eis.bcaresearch.com. 3 For example, by giving all public sector workers a 50% pay rise! Fractal Trading Model* The sell-off in Spanish media (Mediaset Espana Comunicacion) is technically overdone. This week's trade is to go long Mediaset Espana Comunicacion versus the market with a 5% profit-target and symmetric stop-loss. In other trades, long FTSE100/short IBEX35 hit its 4% profit-target, while short EUR/USD hit its 2% stop-loss For any investment, excessive trend following and groupthink can reach a natural point of instability, at which point the established trend is highly likely to break down with or without an external catalyst. An early warning sign is the investment's fractal dimension approaching its natural lower bound. Encouragingly, this trigger has consistently identified countertrend moves of various magnitudes across all asset classes. Chart I-11 Long Mediaset Espana Comunicacion Vs. IBEX3 Long Mediaset Espana Comunicacion Vs. IBEX3 The post-June 9, 2016 fractal trading model rules are: When the fractal dimension approaches the lower limit after an investment has been in an established trend it is a potential trigger for a liquidity-triggered trend reversal. Therefore, open a countertrend position. The profit target is a one-third reversal of the preceding 13-week move. Apply a symmetrical stop-loss. Close the position at the profit target or stop-loss. Otherwise close the position after 13 weeks. Use the position size multiple to control risk. The position size will be smaller for more risky positions. * For more details please see the European Investment Strategy Special Report "Fractals, Liquidity & A Trading Model," dated December 11, 2014, available at eis.bcaresearch.com Fractal Trading Model Recommendations Equities Bond & Interest Rates Currency & Other Positions Closed Fractal Trades Trades Closed Trades Asset Performance Currency & Bond Equity Sector Country Equity Indicators Bond Yields Chart II-1Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Chart II-2Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Chart II-3Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Chart II-4Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Interest Rate Chart II-5Indicators To Watch##br## - Interest Rate Expectations Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart II-6Indicators To Watch##br## - Interest Rate Expectations Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart II-7Indicators To Watch##br## - Interest Rate Expectations Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart II-8Indicators To Watch##br## - Interest Rate Expectations Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations

Feature Chart 1Global Growth Pick Up Global Growth Pick Up Global Growth Pick Up As a whole, G10 economies have been in expansion for more than seven years now. Moreover, after a near-recessionary episode in late 2015 / early 2016, the global economy is on a renewed upswing, with global trade and capex having regained vigor (Chart 1). Similar upswings in aged economic expansions have historically been the ideal breeding ground for global monetary tightening. However, the world economy is still dealing with two deflationary anchors: two decades of over-investment in emerging markets that have led to chronic overcapacity globally, and a strong preference for savings - a legacy of the great financial crisis (GFC) in the West and of financial repression in China. Thanks to this confluence of forces, global central banks have been fearful of tightening policy, hence, global policy rates continue to hover near multi-generational lows. Yet, now that the Federal Reserve has opened Pandora's box and raised rates four times, the question on every investor's mind is who is next. In this piece, we examine a few key domestic indicators for each G10 central bank (CB), and try to categorize CBs according to their likelihood of being the next one to tighten policy. We find three groups. The first one with the highest likelihood of hiking includes New Zealand, Sweden, and Canada. We place Australia, the U.K., and the Euro Area in the somewhat-likely-to-tighten camp. Finally, among the economies where we see little scope for tighter policy are Norway, Switzerland, and Japan. Using this ranking, we examine the implications for these countries' respective currencies and equity markets' relative performance. In this optic, it is important to remember that while conventional wisdom dictates that the stock market needs a depreciating currency in order to advance, empirically, countries with appreciating exchange rates have tended to outperform the global equity benchmark, reflecting the effect of international flows into these economies and markets.1 Finally, we look forward to publish in the coming months a quantitative model based on the indicators used in this report. Mathieu Savary, Vice President Foreign Exchange Strategy mathieu@bcaresearch.com Anastasios Avgeriou, Vice President Global Alpha Sector Strategy & U.S. Equity Strategy anastasios@bcaresearch.com Most Likely To Increase Rates First: 1) New Zealand Chart 2New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand The real Official Cash Rate has never been at such a discount to trend real GDP growth (Chart 2). As a result, nominal GDP is growing at a strong 6% a year, and core inflation is moving back toward 2%. Additionally, nominal retail sales are expanding at nearly 8% per year, the highest pace since 2007. According to the OECD, GDP is now nearly 2% above trend, which highlights the inflationary nature of New Zealand's economy. Supporting that, capacity constraints are becoming rampant, despite strong immigration into the country, unemployment is now nearly 1% below equilibrium, further confirming that the Reserve Bank of New Zealand is keeping policy at too-stimulative levels. This time around, hiking rates will not be a policy mistake as it was in both 2010 and 2014. In 2010, the difference between real rates and trend real GDP growth was much narrower than today, and the output gap was still very negative. In 2014, measures of slack were also not supportive of higher rates, and a rollover in core inflation as well as muted retail sales growth created additional headwinds. Most Likely To Increase Rates First: 2) Sweden Chart 3Sweden Sweden Sweden The Riksbank's repo rate has been driven lower in response to the European Central Bank's own bias, resulting in a Swedish repo rate of -0.5%. The gap between the real policy rate in Sweden and trend GDP growth is hovering around record-low levels (Chart 3). Supported by such a stimulative policy setting, Swedish non-financial private credit has expanded massively, hitting 230% of GDP. Today, the output gap is in positive territory and the unemployment gap indicates that the labor market has tightened considerably. In fact, both measures are congruent with the levels recorded during prior rate-tightening cycles. Core inflation is still below the central bank's 2% target, but is accelerating higher. The Riksbank's resource utilization indicator is further confirming this trend and points toward much higher inflation in the second half of 2017.2 Retail sales have been soggy, but they are picking up anew, clearing the way for a rate hike. Crucially, under the tutelage of Stefan Ingves, the Riksbank has been extremely dovish, but his second term as head of the institution ends this year. For now, he does not look set to be re-appointed. His re-appointment constitutes the greatest risk to our Riksbank view. Most Likely To Increase Rates First: 3) Canada Chart 4Canada Canada Canada The gap between the real policy rate and trend real GDP growth is still very negative, much more so in fact than was the case in 2010, the last time the Bank of Canada (BoC) tried to hike interest rates. The output gap and the unemployment gap continue to point toward a small degree of slack in the Canadian economy (Chart 4). Nonetheless, the BoC expects the output gap to close in 2018. However, the amount of slack in the economy remains very low compared to what prevailed in 2010. Like in the U.S., core inflation has recently sagged, but retail sales continue to grow at a healthy pace. Canadian policy rates have rarely diverged from those in the U.S. for long as the Canadian economy is deeply integrated in the U.S. supply chain. This means that economic impulses in the U.S. are often transferred to Canada. The Fed increasing rates in the U.S. puts pressure on the BoC. If rates diverge for too long, the Loonie will weaken considerably, exacerbating inflationary pressures in Canada. Recent communications of the BoC's most senior staff indicate a very sharp move away from dovishness. Middle Of The Pack: 1) Australia Chart 5Australia Australia Australia The gap between real policy rates and trend real GDP growth is in stimulative territory, but it is not at the level seen in New Zealand, Sweden or Canada. While the unemployment gap suggests the labor market is becoming increasingly tight, the OECD's measure of the output gap still stands near record lows, suggesting that in aggregate there remains substantial slack in Australia (Chart 5). This paints a mixed picture rather than an indubitably good or bad one. Core inflation remains in a downtrend and nominal retail sales are growing at very low rates, further highlighting that monetary policy is not as accommodative as in New Zealand or Canada. Improvement in global trade continues to support the Australian economy, and strong real estate activity suggests that policy is too easy for domestic asset prices. These two forces are critical in preventing Australia from falling into the bottom basket of central banks. Even if a small deceleration in global activity emerges, so long as it does not degenerate into the kind of vicious commodity selloff experienced in the second half of 2015 and early 2016, the Australian economy will be able to avoid another deceleration. Middle Of The Pack: 2) The U.K. Chart 6U.K. U.K. U.K. On many fronts, the U.K. looks ripe for an imminent rate hike. The gap between the real policy rate and trend real GDP growth is as depressed as the levels recorded in the countries in the first bucket, suggesting that the Bank of England's policy stance is extremely accommodative (Chart 6). However, like in Australia, measures of economic slack paint a mixed picture. The unemployment gap points to an absence of slack, while the output gap remains negative and indicative of some slack in the U.K. Retail sales have been lifted by the recent surge in inflation, with core consumer prices now growing at a 2.6% annual rate. However, this picture is distorted. Real retail sales have massively decelerated, and the surge in inflation has had nothing to do with domestic conditions but has been entirely due to the pass-through associated with the near-20% collapse in the trade-weighted pound since November 2015. Beyond the negative output gap, the key reason why the BoE is not at the top of the list of potential hikers is because U.K. household inflation expectations remain well behaved, and the economy could continue to decelerate in the face of uncertainty associated with Brexit. This could even prompt Mark Carney to keep an even more dovish stance that we or the market currently anticipate. Middle Of The Pack: 3) The Euro Area Chart 7Euro Area Euro Area Euro Area The gap between the real policy rate and trend real GDP growth in the euro area is actually also at extremely stimulative levels (Chart 7), partly explaining why the European economy has been able to generate so many positive data surprises. However, the euro area economy still needs easy policy. The output gap remains very negative and unemployment is still below equilibrium. In fact, as we have argued, this latter indicator may even underestimate the amount of labor market slack in Europe, as measures of labor underutilization remain very elevated. Euro area core inflation has been moving up, but at around 1% remains well shy of the ECB's objective of close to but below 2%. True, officially the ECB targets headline inflation, but Draghi's emphasis on underlying domestic inflation trends belies a focus on core inflation. Ultimately, the combination of labor underutilization, simmering political risk in Italy and a still-negative output gap suggests the ECB in unlikely to lift interest rates until at least late 2018. The biggest risk to our view would be for the ECB to tighten policy more than we or even the market anticipate. This would put the ECB ahead of the BoE. The Laggards: 1) Norway Chart 8Norway Norway Norway The gap between Norway's real policy rate and trend real GDP growth is still indicative of an easy policy stance. However, the recent dip in core inflation has caused an inadvertent policy tightening, as illustrated by the gap's sharp narrowing (Chart 8). The OECD's measure of Norway's output gap is very negative, and the unemployment rate has not been this deeply above equilibrium in more than 20 years. As such, there seems to remain large amounts of slack in the Norwegian economy. Corroborating this assessment, Norwegian wages are contracting at a 4% annual pace. Norwegian retail sales have been very weak, and core inflation has collapsed from 4% to 1.5%. This easing in inflation is a blessing for the Norges Bank as this allows it to focus on the large amount of slack still present in the economy. The Laggards: 2) Switzerland Chart 9Switzerland Switzerland Switzerland Despite a deeply negative nominal policy rate and a continuously expanding central bank balance sheet, Switzerland monetary policy does not seem to be very easy, as the gap between the real policy rate and the trend real GDP growth rate is in neutral territory (Chart 9). The OECD's output gap and the difference between the headline unemployment rate and equilibrium unemployment rate both point toward plentiful slack in the Swiss economy. Swiss wage growth also remains quite tame, only hitting 0.1% last quarter. Core inflation remains well below target as it only modestly moved back into positive territory three months ago. The confluence of not-so-easy monetary policy and plentiful excess capacity suggests that despite the challenging conditions for Swiss pension plans and insurance companies created by deeply negative rates the Swiss economy is not yet ready to handle tighter monetary policy. The Laggards: 3) Japan Chart 10Japan Japan Japan Japan might be the most perplexing economy in the G10 right now, and the Bank of Japan is in the toughest position of all the major central banks in the advanced economies. Like Switzerland, despite negative nominal short-term interest rates and large asset purchases by the BoJ, the gap between Japan's real policy rates and trend real GDP growth suggests that policy is only at a neutral setting (Chart 10). This would seem appropriate given that both the output gap and the unemployment gap point to little spare capacity in Japan. However, this does not square with core inflation moving back into negative territory and barely expanding retail sales. Ultimately, Japan's problem is two-fold. First, the unemployment gap underestimates the amount of labor underutilization in Japan, as output per hour worked remains 11% and 34% behind that of the OECD and the U.S, respectively. Second, extremely depressed Japanese inflation expectations continue to result in an extraordinarily flat Philips curve. Due to these dynamics, we expect that it will take continued sustained efforts by the BoJ to overheat the economy before any signs of inflation emerge. FX Implications Based on our assessments, we would expect the RBNZ, the Riksbank and the BoC to be the first central banks to hike now that the Fed has blazed the trail. Within this group, the RBNZ is potentially the cleanest story, as all factors are aligned. We would expect the RBNZ to hike late summer / early fall 2017. Technically, the Riksbank seems in a better place to hike rates than the BoC. However, the leadership of the BoC is already preparing the market for higher rates. Canadian rates could also rise as soon as late summer / early fall 2017. Meanwhile, so long as Ingves remains head of the Riksbank, the Swedish central bank will likely stand pat. Thus, we would expect the first hike to materialize early next year, as soon as a new governor takes the helm, although, we believe markets will begin pricing in such a hike as soon as his replacement is announced. In the second group of central banks, we expect the RBA to be the first to increase rates. The BoE does face a much more inflationary environment than the RBA, but the U.K.'s economic uncertainty remains such that the BoE is likely to tread carefully and wait to see how the economy handles the new wave of political trauma unleashed by this month's election. The ECB is likely to begin tapering its own purchases at the end of 2017, but our base case anticipates that it will not touch policy rates until well into 2018. Among the laggards, the Norges Bank will most likely be the first to push up rates - something we do not anticipate until late 2018. While BCA expects oil prices to rebound, this is unlikely to boost the economy fast enough to close the output gap for at least 18 months. Switzerland and Japan need to do a lot of work before their respective economies generate any kind of inflationary pressures. We do not anticipate any tightening for Switzerland until well after the ECB has moved. The BoJ may not tighten policy for the remainder of this decade. This means that the CAD and the NZD are likely to prove to be the best-performing currencies in the dollar bloc. Investors should stay short AUD/NZD and AUD/CAD. CAD/NOK also possesses more upside. The SEK could prove to be the best performing European currency. Swedish money markets are pricing in only 40 basis points of hikes over the next 12 months, something that seems too low considering the inflationary risk in that country. Stay short EUR/SEK. The EUR/USD rebounded this week on the back of seemingly hawkish comments by Draghi. Even when the ECB somewhat backtracked and communicated that the market had misinterpreted the speech, EUR/USD looked the other way. This confirms our fear that the momentum in this pair is too strong to fight. EUR/USD should retest 1.15-1.16, the upper bound of its trading range put in place since March 2015. Based on our economics work, any move above 1.15 should be used to short the euro. The pound will continue to suffer from a political discount, however, because our base case expects the BoE to tighten policy before the ECB, we continue to recommend that investors use moves above 0.88 to begin shorting EUR/GBP. The SNB is unlikely to remove its cap on the Swiss franc, which means the natural upward pull created by the large net international position of Switzerland will be of little solace for investors. Finally, the JPY should be the worst performing currency in the G10 as the BoJ will not be able to lift rates - a great handicap when, as BCA expects, global bond yields are likely to enjoy more upside than downside over the next 12 months. Equity Implications U.S. Equities Chart 11U.S. U.S. U.S. Contrary to popular belief equities and the currency are joined at the hip especially during currency bull markets. A rising currency tends to attract flows and equities outperform in common and local currency terms. Keep in mind that domestic equity exposure dominates stock market weightings, further solidifying the positive currency and equity correlation. The top panel of Chart 11 shows that this relationship is extremely tight in the U.S. with equities outperforming the MSCI ACWI when the dollar advances and suffering a setback when the greenback depreciates. The Fed has raised rates three times since December 2015 and is slated to tighten monetary policy one more time later this year. This is well telegraphed to the markets, and thus the U.S. dollar has been in sell off mode for the past 6 months, weighing on relative equity performance. The relative economic surprise indexes also have an excellent track record in forecasting relative equity momentum, and the current message is grim for relative share prices. We expect the U.S. to continue to trail other G10 bourses in the coming months and the MSCI ACWI as other CBs have more scope to tighten monetary policy, and recommend an underweight stance in global equity portfolios. Bank/financials performance is also closely linked to monetary policy. While the yield curve flattening tends to suppress net interest margins (NIM), the recovery in loan volumes and drop in NPLs owing to a pickup in economic growth more than offsets the fall in NIMs. We continue to recommend overweight exposure in U.S. banks/financials both in global and U.S. only portfolios.3 New Zealand Equities Chart 12New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand The positive stock and currency correlation exists in New Zealand. Currently, the Kiwi has been rising, but relative equities have not followed suit. If our analysis proves prescient and the RBNZ becomes the next G10 CB to hike, then a playable relative equity catch up phase will materialize (Chart 12). The relative surprise index is firing on all cylinders and corroborates the bullish economic message from our macro analysis and hints that New Zealand equities are a buy. We recommend an overweight stance in New Zealand stocks in global equity portfolios. While all the rest of the G10 have a domestic banking sector, New Zealand is the exception. Australian banks dominate the banking scene in New Zealand, and thus serve as a good proxy. We are comfortable to have a modest Australian banks/financials exposure in New Zealand only portfolios. However, there is one caveat: the housing market is bubbly. While excesses are well documented, we doubt that the housing markets would burst either in Australia or in New Zealand in the coming 6-12 months and bring down the Australian banking sector. In such a time frame, both CBs will still be early in their respective tightening cycles. Swedish Equities Chart 13Sweden Sweden Sweden The Swedish krona moves in lockstep with relative share prices, a relationship that has been in place for the better part of the past two decades (Chart 13). Were the Riksbank to raise the policy rate from deeply negative territory, as our macroeconomic analysis pegs it as second most likely, then equities will outperform the MSCI ACWI, and we recommend an above benchmark allocation in global equity portfolios. Economic surprises in Sweden continue to outnumber the G10, heralding additional momentum gains in relative share prices (bottom panel). The elimination of NIRP would also benefit the banking sector. NIRP serves as a noose around banks' necks, as bankers cannot pass on NIRP to retail depositors weighing on NIMs. Chart 21 in the Appendix shows that Swedish financials comprise over 30% of the overall Swedish market and drive overall market performance. Thus, we are comfortable with an overweight stance in financials in Swedish only equity portfolios given the prospects of tighter monetary policy in the coming quarters. Canadian Equities Chart 14Canada Canada Canada The Loonie and relative equity performance also move in tandem (Chart 14). At the current juncture the bear market in oil prices has dampened both the currency and equities, as Canada is an excellent proxy for commodity prices in general and oil prices in particular. The BoC is the third most likely CB to raise interest rates in the coming months according to our analysis, raising the odds of a reversal of fortunes for Canadian equities. The relative economic surprise index is surging, opening a wide gap with relative share price momentum. If our thesis proves accurate and the BoC pulls the trigger soon, then Canadian equities will gain some traction. Under such a backdrop we recommend an overweight stance in global equity portfolios. In terms of financials, Canadian financials' market capitalization weight is the second largest in the G10, exerting significant influence in overall equity direction. If the commodity complex is healthy enough for the BoC to tighten monetary policy, then banks will outperform on the back of firming loan growth and receding commodity related NPLs. Nevertheless, the housing market poses a clear risk. Were a housing crisis to grip the Canadian economy, bank earnings and thus performance would suffer a sizable blow. Our sense is that such an outcome is highly unlikely in the next year, making us comfortable recommending overweight financials exposure in Canadian only equity portfolios. Australian Equities Chart 15Australia Australia Australia The positive correlation between FX rates and relative equity performance is prevalent in Australia (Chart 15). Currently, the Aussie has stayed resilient, but equities have given way suffering alongside commodities in general and iron ore prices in particular. The RBA sits in the middle of the pack in terms of hiking interest rates next according to our thesis, but still remains the fourth most likely CB in the G10 to pull the trigger ahead of the BoE and the ECB. As such, we recommend a neutral weight in global equity portfolios. While the relative economic surprise index has vaulted higher, the positive correlation with relative share price momentum seems to have broken down in recent years. Similar to Canada, Australian financials comprise a large chunk of the broad equity market (see Chart 21 in the Appendix on page 24), setting the tone for overall equity returns. If Canada's housing market is frothy, then Australia is a definite bubble and poses a significant risk to the banking sector. The APRA is breathing down banks' necks and that is reflected in recent bank underperformance. As we mentioned earlier, we doubt the Australian housing market blows up in the next 6-12 months as the RBA will be in the early innings of a tightening cycle. As a result, only a benchmark allocation is warranted in Australian banks in Australian only portfolios. U.K. Equities Chart 16U.K. U.K. U.K. Cable and relative U.K. equity performance also follow our currency/FX positive correlation playbook (Chart 16). Relative share prices have ticked up recently taking cue from the rebound in sterling. British economic surprises have been outnumbering the G10 post Brexit, and sport a positive correlation with relative share price momentum. Our U.K. macroeconomic analysis highlights that the BoE stands right in the middle of the CB pack. Importantly, the BoE is our "surprise risk" of staying easy for longer than the economic variables would suggest as the dust clears from the Brexit aftermath. Under such a backdrop we recommend a modest underweight in U.K. equities in global equity portfolios. Similarly, U.K. banks also warrant a slight underweight stance in U.K. only equity portfolios. Eurozone Equities Chart 17Euro Area Euro Area Euro Area Euro area stocks and the euro have been positively correlated especially since 2003. Year-to-date EUR/USD is up roughly 10% and Eurozone equities have been stellar outperformers. The catalyst for the euro's sizable gains has been the market's realization that the ECB passed its maximum easing in Q1/2017. Receding geopolitical uncertainty has also played a key role. In addition, the economy has responded well both to the extraordinarily easy monetary policy measures and move away from austerity. The bottom panel of the Chart 17 shows that relative economic surprises are probing 5-year highs pulling relative equity momentum higher. While our macro analysis suggests that the ECB stays pat for a while longer, our "surprise risk" is that the ECB moves earlier than we expect and removes some of the extreme monetary accommodation. As a result we continue to recommend above benchmark exposure both in Eurozone equities and banks/financials. Importantly, not only will euro area banks benefit from the eventual ECB's removal of NIRP and the related boost to NIMs, but also NPLs have peaked and will continue to drift lower along with the unemployment rate. More recently, the speedy and contained resolution of two Italian bank failures along with the absorption of two Spanish banks by Santander and Bankia are a giant step in the right direction. These moves also suggest that there is political will to overcome the banking issues in the euro area. Additional bank cleanup is likely and this is a welcome development in the Eurozone that should entice healthier banks to extend credit to the economy. Norwegian Equities Chart 18Norway Norway Norway Over the past two decades, the Norwegian krone and relative equity performance have moved in lockstep (Chart 18). Year-to-date, relative Norwegian equities have fallen to fresh cycle lows. Similar to Canada, the country's substantial oil dependency has weighed on relative share prices and also knocked down the krone. Our macro analysis concluded that the Norges Bank will be late in lifting interest rate and sits at the bottom of the G10 CBs. As a result, we recommend underweight exposure in Norwegian stocks in global equity portfolios. Financials in Norway comprise one fifth of the stock market's capitalization (Chart 21 in the Appendix on page 24) and have been on a nearly uninterrupted run since the end of the GFC and catapulted to multi-decade highs. Given our thesis of the Norges Bank staying late in raising rates we recommend lightening up on financials equities in Norwegian only equity portfolios. Swiss Equities Chart 19Switzerland Switzerland Switzerland Since the late 1990s relative Swiss share prices and the CHF have been enjoying an almost perfect positive correlation (Chart 19). At the current juncture Swiss stocks have been propelling higher versus the MSCI ACWI as the franc has been appreciating. There are extremely low odds that the SNB would move the needle in terms of normalizing interest rates any time soon, according to our analysis. Keep in mind that the SNB is conducting the ultimate QE experiment by purchasing U.S. stocks, underscoring that there are a lot of layers/levers of momentary policy easing that it will have to eventually to unwind. The implication is that we would lean against recent strength in the Swiss equity market and recommend a below benchmark allocation. Switzerland financials have the third lowest market cap weight in the G10 as UBS and CS are still licking their wounds from the aftermath of the GFC. Relative financials performance has been soft and taken a turn for the worse recently in marked contrast with global financials exuberance since Brexit. Our macro analysis suggests that a below benchmark allocation is warranted in financials in Swiss only portfolios. Japanese Equities Chart 20Japan Japan Japan The Japanese yen and relative equity performance were joined at the hip from the mid-1990s until 2009. From the end of the GFC until 2015 this correlation broke down as Japan has been in-and-out of recession. Since then however, there is tentative evidence that Japanese equities and the yen have resumed moving in tandem (Chart 20). Our macroeconomic analysis suggests that Japan will be the last G10 CB to lift interest rates. While our study would signal that investors should avoid Japanese equities, we do not have high confidence in that view. The break and resumption in the equity/currency correlation is worrisome and suggests that other more important factors are in play dictating relative share price performance. As a result, we would modestly overweight Japanese equities in global equity portfolios in line with BCA’s Global Investment Strategy service view.4 On the financials front, relative performance in Japan has fallen into oblivion. NIRP is anchoring NIMs. But, an extremely low unemployment rate suggests that NPLs will continue to probe multi decade lows and provide an offset to bank EPS. Thus, we would stick with a neutral weighting in Japanese financials.5 Appendix Chart 21G10 Financial Market Cap Weights Who Hikes Next? Who Hikes Next? 1 For a more detailed discussion on the correlation between equity prices and the currency market, please see Global Alpha Sector Strategy Special Report titled, "Can The S&P 500 Rise Alongside The U.S. Dollar?", dated October 7, 206, available at gss.bcaresearch.com 2 Please see Foreign Exchange Strategy Weekly Report titled, "Central Banks Are Sticking To Their Guns", dated June 16, 017, available at fes.bcaresearch.com 3 Please see U.S. Equity Strategy Weekly Report titled, "Girding For A Breakout?", dated May 1, 2017, available at uses.bcaresearch.com 4 Please see Global Investment Strategy - Strategy Outlook "Third Quarter 2017: Aging Bull", June 30, 2017, available at gis.bcaresearch.com 5 Please see Global Alpha Sector Strategy Weekly Report titled "The Year Of The Letter "R"", January 13, 2017, available at gss.bcaresearch.com

Highlights For the time being, our cyclical stance is to underweight the globally-sensitive Energy, Materials and Banks sectors versus Healthcare - in both the equity and credit asset-class. Combined with our expectation of a weakening pound/euro, this necessarily means the following European equity market allocation: Overweight: France, Ireland, U.K., Switzerland and Denmark. Neutral: Germany, Netherlands and Sweden. Underweight: Italy, Spain, and Norway. We anticipate shifting to a more cyclical sector (and country) allocation by the late summer, especially on dips. Feature It is worth reminding readers that picking mainstream equity markets1 is overwhelmingly about the industry sectors and dominant stocks that you are buying, wittingly or unwittingly. Picking equity markets is seldom about the prospects of the underlying domestic economies or head-to-head valuations.2 Chart of the WeekGlobal Energy Has Just Tracked The Global 6-Month Credit Impulse (Down) Global Energy Has Just Tracked The Global 6-Month Credit Impulse (Down) Global Energy Has Just Tracked The Global 6-Month Credit Impulse (Down) The usual top-down approach to picking stock markets ignores two dominant features of these markets. First, they have huge variations in their sector exposures. Second, large industry sector groups like Energy, Banks, Healthcare and Technology tend to move en masse under the influence of global or regional rather than domestic drivers. The combination of these two features means that for most stock markets, the sector (and dominant company) impact swamps the effect that comes from the domestic economy. Right now, by far the most important consideration for country pickers is the relative outlook for the globally-sensitive Energy and Banks sectors versus the more defensive Healthcare. As an example, consider the choice between Spain and Switzerland. Spain's IBEX is at the mercy of its huge weighting to Banks, dominated by Santander and BBVA; while Switzerland's SMI is at the mercy of its similarly dominant weighting in the Healthcare sector, via Novartis and Roche. Box I-1 - Sector Skews That Drive Country Relative Performance For major equity indexes in the euro area, the dominant sector skews that drive relative performance are as follows: Germany (DAX) is overweight Chemicals, underweight Banks (Chart 2). France (CAC) is underweight Banks and Basic Materials (Chart 3). Italy (MIB) is overweight Banks (Chart 4). Spain (IBEX) is overweight Banks (Chart 5). Netherlands (AEX) is overweight Technology, underweight Banks (Chart 6). Ireland (ISEQ) is overweight Airlines (Ryanair) which is, in effect, underweight Energy (Chart 7). And for major equity indexes outside the euro area: The U.K. (FTSE100) is effectively underweight the pound (Chart 8). Switzerland (SMI) is overweight Healthcare, underweight Energy (Chart 9). Sweden (OMX) is overweight Industrials (Chart 10). Denmark (OMX20) is overweight Healthcare and Industrials (Chart 11). Norway (OBX) is overweight Energy (Chart 12). The U.S. (S&P500) is overweight Technology, underweight Banks (Chart 13). It follows that if Banks underperform Healthcare, it is highly likely that Spain's IBEX will underperform Switzerland's SMI, irrespective of the performances of the Spanish and Swiss domestic economies. For long-term investors, the large skews in sector exposure also mean that a head-to-head comparison of country valuations can be very misleading. At first glance, Spain, trading on a forward price to earnings (PE) multiple of 15.5, appears 15% cheaper than Switzerland, trading on a multiple of over 18. But this head-to-head difference just reflects the impact of forward PEs of Banks at 11 and Healthcare at 18. The Bank sector's lower multiple does not necessarily make it better value than Healthcare. Unlike two developed economies - whose long-term growth prospects tend to be broadly similar - two industry sectors could end up experiencing very different structural growth outcomes. Which would justify very different multiples. Despite its low multiple, a structural underweight to Banks might nonetheless be a good strategy if the sector's structural growth outlook is poor. In such a case, the low multiple is potentially a value trap. Picking Stock Markets The Right Way To reiterate, the decision to overweight or underweight a mainstream equity index should not be based on your view of the country's underlying economy - unless, of course, the country is the potential source of a major tail-risk event. Instead, the decision should be based on your over-arching sector view, combined with the country's skews to specific dominant stocks and sectors (Box I-1). Chart I-2, Chart I-3, Chart I-4, Chart I-5, Chart I-6, Chart I-7, Chart I-8, Chart I-9, Chart I-10, Chart I-11, Chart I-12 and Chart I-13 should leave readers in absolutely no doubt. A market's dominant sector skew is by far the most important determinant of its relative performance. Chart I-2Germany (DAX) Is Overweight Chemicals,##br## Underweight Banks Germany (DAX) Is Overweight Chemicals, Underweight Banks Germany (DAX) Is Overweight Chemicals, Underweight Banks Chart I-3France (CAC) Is Underweight Banks##br## And Basic Materials France (CAC) Is Underweight Banks And Basic Materials France (CAC) Is Underweight Banks And Basic Materials Chart I-4Italy (MIB) Is Overweight Banks Italy (MIB) Is Overweight Banks Italy (MIB) Is Overweight Banks Chart I-5Spain (IBEX) Is Overweight Banks Spain (IBEX) Is Overweight Banks Spain (IBEX) Is Overweight Banks Chart I-6Netherlands (AEX) Is Overweight Technology,##br## Underweight Banks Netherlands (AEX) Is Overweight Technology, Underweight Banks Netherlands (AEX) Is Overweight Technology, Underweight Banks Chart I-7Ireland (ISEQ) Is Overweight Airlines (Ryanair) ##br##Which Is, In Effect, Underweight Energy Ireland (ISEQ) Is Overweight Airlines (Ryanair) Which Is, In Effect, Underweight Energy Ireland (ISEQ) Is Overweight Airlines (Ryanair) Which Is, In Effect, Underweight Energy Chart I-8The U.K. (FTSE100) Is Effectively ##br##Underweight The Pound The U.K. (FTSE100) Is Effectively Underweight The Pound The U.K. (FTSE100) Is Effectively Underweight The Pound Chart I-9Switzerland (SMI) Is Overweight Healthcare, ##br##Underweight Energy Switzerland (SMI) Is Overweight Healthcare, Underweight Energy Switzerland (SMI) Is Overweight Healthcare, Underweight Energy Chart I-10Sweden (OMX) Is ##br##Overweight Industrials Sweden (OMX) Is Overweight Industrials Sweden (OMX) Is Overweight Industrials Chart I-11Denmark (OMX20) Is Overweight ##br##Healthcare And Industrials Denmark (OMX20) Is Overweight Healthcare And Industrials Denmark (OMX20) Is Overweight Healthcare And Industrials Chart I-12Norway (OBX) Is ##br##Overweight Energy Norway (OBX) Is Overweight Energy Norway (OBX) Is Overweight Energy Chart I-13The U.S. (S&P500) Is Overweight Technology, ##br##Underweight Banks The U.S. (S&P500) Is Overweight Technology, Underweight Banks The U.S. (S&P500) Is Overweight Technology, Underweight Banks Which brings us to the key consideration for country allocation right now: how to allocate to the sectors that feature most often in the skews: Energy and Banks versus Healthcare. For Energy relative performance, note the very strong recent connection with the global 6-month credit impulse. The downswing in the impulse - heralding a very clear growth pause - lines up with the setback in energy and resource prices and the underperformance of these globally-sensitive equity sectors (Chart of the Week and Chart I-14). Meanwhile, in the most recent mini-cycle, Banks' relative performance is tracking the bond yield almost tick for tick (Chart I-15). There are two reasons. For banks, lower bond yields presage both slimmer net interest margins and weaker economic growth. Chart I-14Commodity Price Inflation Is Just Tracking ##br##The Global 6-Month Credit Impulse Commodity Price Inflation Is Just Tracking The Global 6-Month Credit Impulse Commodity Price Inflation Is Just Tracking The Global 6-Month Credit Impulse Chart I-15Financials Are Just Tracking ##br##The Bond Yield Financials Are Just Tracking The Bond Yield Financials Are Just Tracking The Bond Yield So for both Energy and Banks relative performance the overriding question is: when will this mini-downswing end? To answer this question, we note that we are 4-5 months into the global mini-downswing, whose average duration tends to be around 8-9 months. On this basis, now is a little too early to switch to an aggressively pro-cyclical sector allocation. But we would look for potential opportunities by the late summer, especially on sharp dips. Hence, for the time being our cyclical stance is to underweight the globally-sensitive Energy (and Materials) and Banks versus Healthcare. Combined with our expectation of a weakening pound/euro, this necessarily means the following European country allocation: Overweight: France,3 Ireland, U.K., Switzerland and Denmark. Neutral: Germany, Netherlands, and Sweden. Underweight: Italy, Spain, Netherlands and Norway. Clearly, if you have a different cyclical and over-arching sector view, you will arrive at a different country allocation. That's fine. The important point is that the stock and sector skew approach is the right way to pick between mainstream equity indexes. Financials Drive The European Credit Market Finally, an over-arching sector view is also highly relevant for the European corporate credit market. In the euro area, the credit market is heavily skewed towards bank and other financial sector bonds, which account for almost half of euro area corporate bonds by value. By comparison, the U.S. credit market is not so skewed to one dominant sector. Hence, the outlook for the European credit asset-class hinges on the prospects for one sector: Financials (Chart 16). With the European high yield credit spread already close to a 20-year low, we would again wait for a better opportunity before adding aggressively to the European credit asset-class. Chart I-16Mirror Image: European High Yield Credit Spread And Bank Equity Prices Mirror Image: European High Yield Credit Spread And Bank Equity Prices Mirror Image: European High Yield Credit Spread And Bank Equity Prices Dhaval Joshi, Senior Vice President European Investment Strategy dhaval@bcaresearch.com 1 In the developed world. 2 Please also see the three European Investment Strategy Special Reports 'Picking 5 European Countries The Right Way' November 13, 2014, 'Picking Countries The Right Way: Part 2' March 26, 2015 and 'Picking Countries The Right Way: Part 3' November 12, 2015. 3 But expect a small near-term countertrend underperformance in the CAC40. See page 11. Fractal Trading Model* There are no new trades this week. Last week's trade, long nickel / short palladium has made an encouraging countertrend move at the classic limit of a trend. For any investment, excessive trend following and groupthink can reach a natural point of instability, at which point the established trend is highly likely to break down with or without an external catalyst. An early warning sign is the investment's fractal dimension approaching its natural lower bound. Encouragingly, this trigger has consistently identified countertrend moves of various magnitudes across all asset classes. Chart I-17 Long Nickel / Short Palladium Long Nickel / Short Palladium The post-June 9, 2016 fractal trading model rules are: When the fractal dimension approaches the lower limit after an investment has been in an established trend it is a potential trigger for a liquidity-triggered trend reversal. Therefore, open a countertrend position. The profit target is a one-third reversal of the preceding 13-week move. Apply a symmetrical stop-loss. Close the position at the profit target or stop-loss. Otherwise close the position after 13 weeks. Use the position size multiple to control risk. The position size will be smaller for more risky positions. * For more details please see the European Investment Strategy Special Report "Fractals, Liquidity & A Trading Model," dated December 11, 2014, available at eis.bcaresearch.com Fractal Trading Model Recommendations Equities Bond & Interest Rates Currency & Other Positions Closed Fractal Trades Trades Closed Trades Asset Performance Currency & Bond Equity Sector Country Equity Indicators Bond Yields Chart II-1Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Chart II-2Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Chart II-3Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Chart II-4Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Interest Rate Chart II-5Indicators To Watch##br## - Interest Rate Expectations Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart II-6Indicators To Watch##br## - Interest Rate Expectations Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart II-7Indicators To Watch##br## - Interest Rate Expectations Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart II-8Indicators To Watch##br## - Interest Rate Expectations Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations

Highlights The Federal Reserve stuck to its guns, which lifted the U.S. dollar despite a disastrous CPI report. We agree with the Fed's assessment and expect U.S. inflation to pick up, clearing the way for higher interest rates and a stronger dollar. With three dissenters voting in favor of higher rates, the Bank of England meeting delivered a hawkish surprise. However, the inflation surge will continue to weigh on consumer spending, limiting the capacity of the BoE to increase rates. Stay short cable, but use any rally in EUR/GBP above 0.88 to short this cross. The Canadian economy is strong, and the CAD should perform well on its crosses. However, USD/CAD downside is limited. Go short EUR/SEK. Feature This week was replete with central bank meetings, most crucially the Federal Reserve and the Bank of England, which provided much-needed color on the near-term future direction of global monetary policy. While the BoE does face a serious rise in inflation, it is still focused on the risks to U.K. growth. In contrast, the Fed mostly ignored the disastrous inflation report released the morning before its policy announcement and kept its focus on the underlying strength in the U.S. economy. We believe both institutions are pursuing the appropriate strategy for their respective economies. The Fed: Straight Ahead Fed Chair Janet Yellen and her gang increased the fed funds rate by 25 basis points to 1-1.25% and pre-announced the parameters around the reduction in the Fed's balance sheet size. On the balance sheet front, the Fed removed any doubt that it will begin reducing its asset holdings this year. Additionally, the Fed provided its new set of forecasts for growth, inflation, unemployment, and interest rates. While it increased its growth forecast for 2017 to 2.2% from 2.1%, it curtailed its core PCE deflator forecast for 2017 by 0.3 percentage points to 1.6%. However, in line with its conviction that the soft patch in inflation is temporary, it kept its 2018 and 2019 core PCE forecasts at 2%. The Fed did also acknowledge that the equilibrium unemployment rate was lower than it believed in March, decreasing its long-term estimate by 0.1% to 4.6%. However, despite recognizing that NAIRU has fallen, the Fed still thinks the labor market is tight. It proceeded to curtail its unemployment rate forecasts by 0.2% in 2017 to 4.3%, and by 0.3% in 2018 and 2019 to 4.2%. Congruent with these forecasts, the Fed did not adjust its intended path for interest rates. It still expects to hike rates once more in 2017, and three more times in both 2018 and 2019. As a result of these policy changes and the intentions associated with the new set of forecasts, the dollar recouped its CPI report-induced decline, and gold suffered. Most interestingly, the market seems to believe that the Fed is entering the realm of policy mistakes as the 2-10-year yield curve flattened considerably, and inflation expectations plunged to their lowest levels since November 4, 2016 (Chart I-1). But is the Fed really making a mistake? We do not think so. Simply put, we agree with the Fed that underlying economic momentum in the U.S. is real, and that both wage growth and inflation will turn the corner this summer. To begin with, our composite capacity utilization gauge, based on both industrial capacity and labor market utilization, is now fully into "no slack" territory. Historically, this has given the Fed the green light to increase interest rates. There is no mystery behind this relationship: when this indicator is above the zero line, inflation pressures emerge and wage growth accelerates (Chart I-2). This time is unlikely to prove different. Chart I-1A Policy ##br##Mistake? A Policy Mistake? A Policy Mistake? Chart I-2Conditions In Place For Higher##br## Inflation And Rates Conditions In Place For Higher Inflation And Rates Conditions In Place For Higher Inflation And Rates Supporting this assessment, many indicators show that the recent slowdown in wage growth will prove a temporary phenomenon. First, the spread between the Conference Board's "jobs plentiful" and "jobs hard to get" series still points to accelerating average hourly earnings (Chart I-3). Second, the labor market is likely to remain healthy. True, the fastest pace of job creation is behind us, a key symptom that labor market slack is vanishing, but some of our favorite employment indicators - such as Janet Yellen's labor market condition index and the NFIB job openings and hiring plans subcomponents - have picked up again (Chart I-4). In an environment of little slack, this might not translate into impressive nonfarm payroll numbers, but most likely faster wage growth. Chart I-3Wages Will Pick Up Wages Will Pick Up Wages Will Pick Up Chart I-4Yes, The Labor Market Is Healthy Yes, The Labor Market Is Healthy Yes, The Labor Market Is Healthy Third, capex intentions are still perky. Historically, capex intentions have tightly correlated with wages, and even the recent softness in wages was forecast by these intentions. This is simply because capex tends to require labor. When corporate investment materializes as worries about the durability of final demand hits cyclical lows, this is generally an environment that requires bidding up the price of labor - i.e. wages. This is precisely the current economic backdrop (Chart I-5). While the slowdown in bank credit to enterprises has caused many commentators to worry about the outlook for capex, we do not share these concerns. For one, although businesses may not have been tapping bank loans in Q1, they have been aggressively borrowing in the bond market (Chart I-6, top panel). Moreover, credit standards are now easing anew, and small firms are reporting little difficulty in accessing credit (Chart I-6, bottom panel). Chart I-5Good Outlook For Growth And Wages Good Outlook For Growth And Wages Good Outlook For Growth And Wages Chart I-6I Need Credit; No Problem! I Need Credit; No Problem! I Need Credit; No Problem! With respect to consumption, weren't retail sales on the soft side as well? Here again, we need to step back. Real retail sales continue to grow at a healthy 4.2% annual pace; meanwhile, the so-called control group - which affects GDP computations - was flat in May, but the April number was revised to 0.6% month-on-month, suggesting real consumption will be robust in Q2. In fact, federal income tax withholdings, a good proxy for household income growth, is also accelerating, further supporting consumption (Chart I-7). Overall, we agree with the Fed that the economy is on its way to escaping from its recent soft patch and that wage growth will accelerate. Ryan Swift, who writes our sister U.S. Bond Strategy service, has also recently argued that the U.S. Philips curve remains alive and well, and that wages and inflation will thus pick up again.1 Our own work does highlight the potential for not just wage growth but core CPI to also perk up. U.S. real business sales have been very strong of late, which historically has been a good leading indicator of core inflation (Chart I-8, top panel). Labor market dynamics tell a similar story. Our unemployment diffusion index is also a good leader of core CPI, and after a soft patch is now pointing to firming underlying inflation (Chart I-8, bottom panel). Chart I-7Real Consumption Will Trudge Along Real Consumption Will Trudge Along Real Consumption Will Trudge Along Chart I-8Inflation Soft Patch Will End Inflation Soft Patch Will End Inflation Soft Patch Will End Therefore, we expect the recent negative inflation surprise in the U.S. to reverse. Moreover, inflation surprises in the U.S. are also likely to beat those of the euro area. To a very large extent, Europe's positive inflation surprise, especially relative to the U.S., reflected the 2014 collapse in the euro. The recent stability in the euro since March 2015 further reinforces that the boost to European relative monetary conditions is dissipating, and that European inflation surprise will not outpace the U.S. going forward (Chart I-9). Chart I-9U.S. Inflation Surprises ##br##Will Pick Up Versus Europe's U.S. Inflation Surprises Will Pick Up Versus Europe's U.S. Inflation Surprises Will Pick Up Versus Europe's Chart I-10Diverging Policy ##br##Expectations Diverging Policy Expectations Diverging Policy Expectations This is very important, as these relative inflation surprise dynamics have been the key factor underpinning divergent expectations behind ECB policy and the Fed's path. While investors have increasingly brought forward the ECB's first hike, they have aggressively curtailed the number of hikes expected in the U.S. over the next two years (Chart I-10). If, as we expect, relative inflation surprises do once again move in favor of the U.S., this gap will disappear, supporting the dollar in the process. Bottom Line: The Fed is right to stay the course. The economy continues to display momentum, and the inflation soft patch should soon dissipate. Moreover, U.S. economic surprises are bottoming. As such, we expect market expectations for inflation and interest rates to move back toward the Fed's forecast, lifting the U.S. dollar in the process. BoE Dissenters Grab The Headlines, But... The poor BoE is in an infinitely more tenuous situation than the Fed. Core inflation continues to pick up, but economic uncertainty is also on the rise. This dichotomy is most pronounced when it comes to wages. At 2.6%, core inflation is now outpacing wage growth, thus real income levels are contracting (Chart I-11). This is problematic because at 65% of GDP, the U.K. is an economy fundamentally driven by consumer spending. As Chart I-12 illustrates, when inflation picks up and puts downward pressure on real wages, consumption sags. Therein lies the BoE's conundrum. Chart I-11U.K.: Inflation Everywhere, But Not In Wages U.K.: Inflation Everywhere, But Not In Wages U.K.: Inflation Everywhere, But Not In Wages Chart I-12The BOE's Dilemma The BOE's Dilemma The BOE's Dilemma Despite the three dissenters who voted in favor of a hike this week, we expect the BoE to continue to favor not lifting rates, leaving its accommodation in place.2 Household inflation expectations remain well moored, but a further relapse in growth could prompt a widening of the output gap and produce entrenched deflationary expectations down the line - something BoE Governor Mark Carney and his colleagues want to avoid at all costs. Chart I-13U.K. FDI At Risk U.K. FDI At Risk U.K. FDI At Risk Some investors have been wondering out loud about the likelihood of a "soft Brexit" coming back on the agenda, arguing that it would support the pound. Remaining in the common market is, after all, an unmitigated positive for the U.K. But to be part of the common market, the U.K. also has to adopt the sacrosanct freedom of movement of people. We remain unconvinced that the British will budge on this point. Brexit was first and foremost a rejection of neo-liberal ideals that have been perceived as detrimental to the British middle class. And no point has been and continues to be more contentious than immigration. With the EU absolutely unwilling to dilute freedom of movement, access to the common market for the U.K. remains a distant dream. Moreover, with the British median voter switching to the left, a topic discussed in last Friday's Geopolitical Strategy Service Special Report on the election, British politics are likely to become less business friendly.3 Compounding this issue, U.K. industrial production is flat on an annual basis, bucking the global improvement seen last year and implying that the falling pound has not boosted competitiveness in the U.K. manufacturing sector. Together these forces suggest that the recent upsurge in FDI inflows into the U.K. could reverse in coming quarters (Chart I-13), a big problem for a country with a current account deficit of more than 4% of GDP and deeply negative real rates. Ultimately, the pound is cheap, trading at a one-sigma discount to its fair value. This means the market is well aware of the negatives that are weighing on sterling. Thus, the risks to GBP are well balanced. As a result, we expect GBP/USD to finish the year toward 1.2 because of our expectation of USD strength. EUR/GBP has limited upside, and rises above 0.88 should be used to build short positions. Bottom Line: The BoE decision was in line with expectations, but the market was nonetheless surprised by the fact that three MPC members dissented and voted for a rate hike. Sure, British inflation is on the rise, but this is hurting household real incomes, and thus consumption. These dynamics limit the upside risk to policy rates. We think that GBP could weaken against the USD; we would use moves above 0.88 to short EUR/GBP. The Bank Of Canada Volte Face Despite a 5% fall in oil prices this week, the CAD has appreciated 1.2% against the USD. Behind this impressive move has been Monday's speech by Senior Deputy Governor Carolyn Wilkins, in which she hinted that the Bank of Canada's next move will be a hike, coming sooner than investors have been anticipating. The BoC assessed that the negative impact of the fall in oil prices in 2014-'15 has passed, and that domestic strength in the Canadian economy has become self-sustaining. With the output gap expected to close in Q2 2018, the logical path for policy is tighter. Do the indicators warrant such a view? Yes: Canadian employment is quite strong, growing at a 1.8% annual pace. Unemployment too has fallen substantially. Capacity utilization is elevated in the manufacturing sector, thanks to a decade of low corporate investment. If our assessment of the U.S. capex cycle is correct, Canadian goods exports should pick up, adding to capacity and inflationary pressures in the country (Chart I-14). Our Canadian economic diffusion index - based on retail trade, manufacturing sales, building permits, and employment data in the 10 provinces - has sharply accelerated, pointing to a continued rise in GDP growth. Canadian LEIs and PMIs are all strong. Canadian house prices continue to forge ahead, growing at a 14% annual rate, which will additionally support Canadian consumption. This picture highlights that the BoC does have room to adjust its forward guidance, especially if the Fed stays on its desired path. Today, not only are investors the most short CAD since early 2007, but the loonie is cheap relative to real rate differentials (Chart I-15). As a result of these distortions, CAD could respond very positively to continued reaffirmation by the BoC that policy may become tighter. Chart I-14O Canada O Canada O Canada Chart I-15CAD At A Discount To Rates CAD At A Discount To Rates CAD At A Discount To Rates Practically, due to our broad bullish outlook on the USD, we find the most interesting way to play CAD strength is through its various crosses. Thus, we remain short EUR/CAD, short AUD/CAD, and long CAD/NOK. Bottom Line: The Canadian economy has escaped its funk. True, the long-term risks associated with the housing bubble will ultimately come home to roost. However, in the short term, the BoC is finding room to lift its forward guidance. As a result, CAD is likely to move higher on non-USD crosses. EUR/SEK Is A Short EUR/SEK should weaken in the coming quarters. To begin with, EUR/SEK is trading at a 7% premium against its PPP fair value. Additionally, the real trade-weighted SEK stands at a one-sigma discount to its long-term fundamental fair value, which further highlights the SEK's upside potential versus the euro, the main trading counterparty of Sweden (Chart I-16). Valuations are not enough to motivate a position. Economics need to join the ball. Today, the Swedish output gap is positive while that of Europe remains negative. Unsurprisingly, Swedish core inflation has overtaken that of the euro area (Chart I-17). Moreover, while we have argued at length why euro area core inflation is likely to disappoint going forward,4 pressure on Swedish resources is such that Swedish core inflation is likely to display additional upside (Chart I-18). Chart I-16SEK Is Cheap SEK Is Cheap SEK Is Cheap Chart I-17Swedish Core Inflation Is Outpacing Europe's Swedish Core Inflation Is Outpacing Europe's Swedish Core Inflation Is Outpacing Europe's Chart I-18Swedish Core Inflation Will Rise Further Swedish Core Inflation Will Rise Further Swedish Core Inflation Will Rise Further This means there will be attractive relative policy dynamics between the Riksbank and the ECB in the coming months. If the ECB has to tighten policy, the Riksbank has an even better case to be hawkish. If, however, the global economic environment prevents the ECB from tightening and forces it toward an easing bias, these global deflationary pressures should prove more muted in Sweden. Thus, we expect that Swedish policy will tighten relative to the ECB's, despite the economic and inflation environment. Chart I-19CPI Expectations Differential Will Push ##br##Policy Toward A Lower EUR/SEK CPI Expectations Differential Will Push Policy Toward A Lower EUR/SEK CPI Expectations Differential Will Push Policy Toward A Lower EUR/SEK Additionally, inflation expectations are pointing toward a lower EUR/SEK. The recent Swedish Prospera inflation survey showed that economic agents are expecting a pickup in inflation. As a result, market-based inflation expectations in Sweden have outperformed those in Germany, pointing to a lower EUR/SEK (Chart I-19). Essentially, this reflects potential changes in the relative direction of policy between the two currencies. The big risk to this view is that Stefan Ingves, the Riksbank governor, continues to be one of the most dovish policy makers in the world. However, his term ends on January 1, 2018, and unless he is renewed for another six years, his words and desires will increasingly lose their ability to affect markets. Bottom Line: The Swedish economy is increasingly moving closer to an inflationary environment. This cannot yet be said about the euro area. With inflation expectations sharply moving up in Sweden versus the euro zone, investors should begin betting against EUR/SEK. Housekeeping We are closing our short USD/JPY trade this week at a 4.2% profit. Mathieu Savary, Vice President Foreign Exchange Strategy mathieu@bcaresearch.com 1 Please see U.S. Bond Strategy Weekly Report titled, "Low Inflation And Rising Debt", dated June 3, 2017, available at usbs.bcaresearch.com 2 Moreover, one of the dissenters was Kristin Forbes, who was attending her last meeting as a member of the MPC. 3 Please see Geopolitical Strategy Special Report titled, "U.K. Election: The Median Voter Has Spoken", dated June 9, 2017, available at gps.bcaresearch.com 4 Please see Foreign Exchange Strategy Weekly Report titled, "ECB: All About China?", dated April 7, 2017, available at fes.bcaresearch.com Currencies U.S. Dollar Chart II-1USD Technicals 1 USD Technicals 1 USD Technicals 1 Chart II-2USD Technicals 2 USD Technicals 2 USD Technicals 2 Chairwoman Janet Yellen has halted the dollar selloff for now, with the DXY finally seeing some upside. Following the press conference, the greenback sits 1.2% above the lows seen prior to the Fed policy meeting. We share the view of the Fed and the expect markets to converge over time toward the Fed's forecasts. Additionally, Yellen confirmed that there is still one more hike on the table this year. We believe the market continues to underprice these factors, concentrating too much on what amounts to a temporary soft patch. As we have said in the past, these factors will continue to widen rate differentials between the U.S. and its G10 counterparts. Report Links: Look Ahead, Not Back - June 9, 2017 Capacity Explosion = Inflation Implosion - June 2, 2017 Exploring Risks To Our DXY View - May 26, 2017 The Euro Chart II-3EUR Technicals 1 EUR Technicals 1 EUR Technicals 1 Chart II-4EUR Technicals 2 EUR Technicals 2 EUR Technicals 2 EUR/USD dropped on the news of a weak trade balance figure of EUR 19.6 bn, below the expected EUR 27.2 bn. Generally, EUR/USD has remained reasonably static as euro weakness was muted by equal dollar weakness, but recent Fed hawkishness has broken this trend. Draghi's hawkishness is tepid at best and the Fed hiking rates this Wednesday, as well as Yellen reiterating that another hike will be seen later this year will continue to help U.S. policy anticipations relative to Europe. As a result, rate differentials are likely to widen, and the euro to soften. The little appreciation in the euro earlier this week, was a result the following positives: German ZEW Survey's Current Situation went up to 88, beating expectations of 85; Euro Area ZEW Survey's Current Situation also went up to 37.7 from 35.1. Report Links: Look Ahead, Not Back - June 9, 2017 Exploring Risks To Our DXY View - May 26, 2017 Bloody Potomac - May 19, 2017 The Yen Chart II-5JPY Technicals 1 JPY Technicals 1 JPY Technicals 1 Chart II-6JPY Technicals 2 JPY Technicals 2 JPY Technicals 2 Recent data in Japan has been negative: Domestic corporate goods prices grew by 2.1% YoY, against expectations of 2.2%. Machinery orders yearly growth came in at 2.7%, underperforming expectations by a wide margin. Industrial production yearly growth stayed flat at 5.7%. Ultimately, economic activity in Japan will largely depend on the currency. With the yen appreciating for most of 2017, it will be difficult for the Japanese economy to improve sustainably. At this point, we are closing our USD/JPY trade, as the correction in the U.S. dollar has run its course. Meanwhile, we remain bearish on NZD/JPY, as the rising dollar and the tightening in Chinese monetary conditions will deliver a formidable one-two punch to risk assets, and thus weigh on this cross. Report Links: Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - April 28, 2017 U.S. Households Remain In The Driver's Seat - March 31, 2017 Et Tu, Janet? - March 3, 2017 British Pound Chart II-7GBP Technicals 1 GBP Technicals 1 GBP Technicals 1 Chart II-8GBP Technicals 2 GBP Technicals 2 GBP Technicals 2 Recent data in the U.K. has been mixed: Industrial Production contracted by 0.8% on a YoY basis, underperforming expectations. Manufacturing production yearly growth stayed flat, also underperforming. Meanwhile, both core and headline inflation came in above expectations, at 2.6% and 2.9% respectively. Yesterday the BoE came in more hawkish than expected, as Ian McCafferty and Michael Saunders joined Kristin Forbes voting and dissented in favor offor a hike. Meanwhile, in their monetary policy summary the BoE stated that inflation will stay above target for an "extended period". Following the report, EUR/GBP plunged by about 0.8%. We are now not positive on the pound, as core inflation is now outpacing wage growth, a development that should weigh on demand due to the decline in real income. This development could cause GBP/USD and EUR/GBP to reach 1.2 and 0.92 respectively to reach 1.2 by year end, but any move in EUR/GBP above 0.88 should be used to short this cross. Report Links: Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - April 28, 2017 The Last Innings Of The Dollar Correction - April 21, 2017 Updating Our Long-Term FX Value Models - February 17, 2017 Australian Dollar Chart II-9AUD Technicals 1 AUD Technicals 1 AUD Technicals 1 Chart II-10AUD Technicals 2 AUD Technicals 2 AUD Technicals 2 Data out of Australia was mixed this week: National Australia Bank's Business Confidence declined to 7 from 13; Westpac Consumer Confidence fell to -1.8% from -1.1%; However, the unemployment rate dropped to 5.5%, with full-time employment growing by 52,100, and part-time employment shrinking by 10,100. Most of the movement in the AUD was dominated by the employment data, seeing a broad-based increase versus other G10 currencies. While oil prices kept the CAD and NOK at bay, Chinese industrial production and retail sales increased at a 6.5% and 10.7% annual rate, respectively. Iron ore and copper, commodities important to Australia, however, saw little action, but coal saw a slight upside. The above dynamics resulted in the AUD outperforming other currencies versus the USD, and EUR/AUD weakened massively. Report Links: Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - April 28, 2017 U.S. Households Remain In The Driver's Seat - March 31, 2017 AUD And CAD: Risky Business - March 10, 2017 New Zealand Dollar Chart II-11NZD Technicals 1 NZD Technicals 1 NZD Technicals 1 Chart II-12NZD Technicals 2 NZD Technicals 2 NZD Technicals 2 Recent data in New Zealand has been mixed: Electronic card retail sales grew by 5.2% year-on-year, increasing from 4.2% the month before. However, the current account deficit came in at 3.1% of GDP against expectations of 2.7%. Meanwhile, yearly GDP growth came in at 2.5%, underperforming expectations. The kiwi rallied this week as expectations of a dovish fed weighed on the dollar, although most of these gains vanished following the FOMC press conference. We continue to be positive on the NZD relative to the AUD, given that the kiwi economy is in much better footing than the Australian one. However, upside for NZD/USD is limited, as this cross has reached highly overbought levels. Furthermore, the tightening in Chinese monetary conditions will become a headwind for a sustainable rally in the NZD. Report Links: Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - April 28, 2017 U.S. Households Remain In The Driver's Seat - March 31, 2017 Et Tu, Janet? - March 3, 2017 Canadian Dollar Chart II-13CAD Technicals 1 CAD Technicals 1 CAD Technicals 1 Chart II-14CAD Technicals 2 CAD Technicals 2 CAD Technicals 2 The downside in oil continues as EIA crude oil stocks decreased by 1.661 million barrels, less than the expected 2.739 million. AUD/CAD and NZD/CAD rallied on the news, while CAD/NOK levelled off. In the commodity space, we remain most positive on the Canadian economy. While oil prices are a hurdle, business and consumer confidence, as well as PMIs remain robust, and the BoC expects the output gap to close in Q2 2018. Our Commodity and Energy Strategy team continues to believe that OPEC cuts and increased oil demand will eventually curtail inventories. We therefore expect our short AUD/CAD trade to prove profitable as markets begin to digest these developments. While the CAD looks good on its crosses, the resumption of the dollar bull market will limit the USD/CAD's downside. Report Links: Exploring Risks To Our DXY View - May 26, 2017 Bloody Potomac - May 19, 2017 Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - April 28, 2017 Swiss Franc Chart II-15CHF Technicals 1 CHF Technicals 1 CHF Technicals 1 Chart II-16CHF Technicals 2 CHF Technicals 2 CHF Technicals 2 Yesterday, in their monetary policy statement, the SNB reasserted its dovish bias, pledging to keep its extremely accommodative monetary policy in the years to come. Their inflation outlook changed little, upgrading the near term slightly while downgrading the longer term outlook. It is important to consider that when the SNB states that they expect that inflation will reach only 1.5% by the first quarter of 2020, they do so assuming the LIBOR rate stays at -0.75%. Meanwhile, they also signaled that they will stay active intervening in the currency market, with SNB president Thomas Jordan reiterating that the Franc “remains significantly overvalued”. We had previously stated that the implied floor put under EUR/CHF by the SNB could be removed by the end of this year. However, this scenario now seems unlikely, given the strong commitment by the SNB to remain accommodative. Report Links: Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - April 28, 2017 The Fed And The Dollar: A Gordian Knot - April 14, 2017 Updating Our Long-Term FX Value Models - February 17, 2017 Norwegian Krone Chart II-17NOK Technicals 1 NOK Technicals 1 NOK Technicals 1 Chart II-18NOK Technicals 2 NOK Technicals 2 NOK Technicals 2 Following a sell-off for most of the beginning of the week, USD/NOK has rebounded sharply, following the FOMC interest rate decision. Furthermore, the disappointing draw in oil inventories also contributed to the surge in USD/NOK. We continue to be bearish on the NOK, given that inflation is still receding in Norway. Recent data supports this, with core inflation and producer prices falling from anewApril. Furthermore, any surge in the U.S. dollar will provide a tailwind to USD/NOK given that this cross is highly sensitive to the dollar. Another cross where we are positioned towe use to take advantage of gain from Norway's economic weakness difficulties is CAD/NOK. The Canadian economy is on ain much stronger footing than the Norwegian one, and the rally in the dollar has historically been a tailwind for this cross. Report Links: Exploring Risks To Our DXY View - May 26, 2017 Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - April 28, 2017 Updating Our Long-Term FX Value Models - February 17, 2017 Swedish Krona Chart II-19SEK Technicals 1 SEK Technicals 1 SEK Technicals 1 Chart II-20SEK Technicals 2 SEK Technicals 2 SEK Technicals 2 Sweden's economy is developing as expected, with headline inflation reading at the expected level of 1.7%, with a 0.1% monthly increase. Although inflation decreased from the previous 1.9% reading, the Riksbank's Resource Utilization Indicator - historically, a reliable indicator for core inflation - continues to point up, indicating that core inflation will accelerate further. We are putting on a short EUR/SEK trade on the basis of long-term valuations being in the favor of the krona. With a closed output gap, Sweden's economy is more advanced in its business cycle than the euro area', which points to a further bifurcation in inflation rates between the two. These factors will also warrant a quicker removal of policy support from the Riksbank than the ECB. Report Links: Bloody Potomac - May 19, 2017 Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - April 28, 2017 Updating Our Long-Term FX Value Models - February 17, 2017 Trades & Forecasts Forecast Summary Core Portfolio Tactical Trades Closed Trades

Highlights The political theater in Washington has caused the last inning of the dollar correction to materialize. The U.S. economy remains at full employment, growth will stay above trend, and the Fed will be capable of hiking rates by more than the 66 basis points priced into the OIS curve over the next 24 months. It is time to buy the DXY. Investors are too optimistic on the euro and too negative on the CAD, short EUR/CAD as a tactical bet. The Swedish economy continues to improve. Yet, the SEK has limited upside as the Riksbank continues to find excuses to justify its dovishness. The downside for EUR/SEK is limited to 9.3. Feature Chart I-1Trump Rally Is Gone Trump Rally Is Gone Trump Rally Is Gone Four weeks ago, we wrote that the U.S. dollar correction was entering its last inning and recommended investors should wait a few more weeks before betting on renewed dollar strength.1 We think the time to bet on this rebound is now. To begin with, the dollar index has now erased all the gains accumulated since Trump's electoral victory, suggesting that all the hope of fiscal stimulus, deregulation, and tax cuts have now been priced out of the greenback (Chart I-1). In fact, at this point in time we think too many risks have been priced into the dollar. For one, the market is overemphasizing the likelihood of a Trump impeachment. While our Geopolitical Strategy group does think the likelihood of an impeachment procedure is near 100% if the democrats win the House in 2018, the likelihood remains much lower in 2017.2 Simply put, Trump remains a very popular president among republican voters (Chart I-2). Most problematic for many republicans that would like to see Trump out of office, is that his popularity is particularly strong among the "Tea Party" districts and voters (Chart I-3). Chart I-2Trump Still Popular With Republicans Bloody Potomac Bloody Potomac Chart I-3Trump Is Popular In Tea Party Territory Bloody Potomac Bloody Potomac Second, the chance that tax cuts are part of the upcoming budget negations is high. Tax cuts are espoused by the entire GOP caucus. Additionally, Republicans know that in order to avoid losing the Senate or the House of Representatives, or both, they have to do something popular with voters. Tax cuts definitely fit the bill. This simple political assessment points toward a likely passage of stimulus in the coming quarters despite Trump's personal woes. Finally, if Trump were to be stabbed in the back by the GOP establishment, what would the impact be on the dollar? Would the U.S. default? No. Would the economy enter a recession? No. Would the Fed become dovish? Neither. If anything, a potential removal of Trump from the oval office reduces the risk that he appoints a super-dove at the helm of the Fed, a risk that would have been very negative for our positive dollar cyclical stance. Regarding the economics behind the dollar rally, our positive cyclical stance on the USD predates the election of Trump, and in fact relied on the underlying shifts in the U.S. economy.3 These dynamics are still intact: While wage growth remains anemic, this partly reflects the fact that the long-term determinant of wage growth, productivity growth, is low. When this is taken into account, productivity-adjusted wage growth is in line with levels that in the past have prompted the Fed to tighten policy in order to combat potential inflationary dynamics (Chart I-4). Nonetheless, the risk is that wages begin accelerating going forward. The labor market is at full employment, with the U-3 unemployment rate standing 0.3 percentage points below the Fed's estimate of the neutral unemployment rate. Additionally, hidden labor market slack has also greatly dissipated (Chart I-5), with the U-6 unemployment rate, the number of workers in part-time jobs for economic reasons, and the amount of workers outside of the labor force but that would still like to have a job if economic conditions warranted it all back to levels where historically wage growth has gained momentum. Chart I-4Without Productivity Gains, Current Wage##br## Growth Is Enough For A Tighter Fed Without Productivity Gains, Current Wage Growth Is Enough For A Tighter Fed Without Productivity Gains, Current Wage Growth Is Enough For A Tighter Fed Chart I-5U.S. Labor Market##br## Is Tight The Labor Market Is Tight U.S. Labor Market Is Tight The Labor Market Is Tight U.S. Labor Market Is Tight Moreover, the outlook for consumption remains sturdy. Overall household income growth remains supported by elevated levels of job creation, and our indicator for real household disposable income growth continues to point up. Additionally, Federal income tax withholdings are accelerating, a sign of more robust consumption to come (Chart I-6). With consumer confidence at 17-year highs, positive income developments are likely to be translated into consumption. The outlook for capex is also bright. CEO confidence and capex intentions have all rebounded sharply, moves whose genesis predate Trump's election (Chart I-7). Moreover, elements are in place for these positive feelings to be catalyzed into actual investment. On the back of rebounding revenue growth, thanks to nominal GDP growth exiting levels historically associated with recessions, profit growth will receive a fillip, which should boost capex in the current context (Chart I-8). Chart I-6Income Tax Receipts Points ##br##To Healthy Consumption Income Tax Receipts Points To Healthy Consumption Income Tax Receipts Points To Healthy Consumption Chart I-7Capex Intentions Point ##br##To Higher Growth Capex Intentions Point To Higher Growth Capex Intentions Point To Higher Growth Chart I-8Revenue Growth Exiting ##br##Recessionary Levels Revenue Growth Exiting Recessionary Levels Revenue Growth Exiting Recessionary Levels Finally, when all major indicators are aggregated, real GDP growth looks set to accelerate. BCA's Beige Book diffusion index, based on the distribution of positive and negative mentions about the state of the economy in the Fed's Beige Book, is pointing to an acceleration in activity (Chart I-9). This suggests that the collapse in U.S. economic surprises may be toward its tail end. With this in mind, we continue to expect the Fed to increase rates more than the 66 basis points currently anticipated in the OIS curve over the next two years, as such, this supports our bullish stance on the dollar. In terms of tactical developments, the recent selloff has brought the DXY toward the levels congruent with the end of the correction.4 Additionally, based on our Intermediate-term timing model, the USD is now cheap enough to justify taking a long bet on the currency. The deeply oversold levels reached by our Intermediate-term momentum oscillator supports this message (Chart I-10). Finally, the Swedish Krona seems to be confirming these signposts. USD/SEK has historically displayed one of the strongest betas to the trade-weighted dollar's movements. The fact that this pair has not been able to break down below a long-term upward slopping trend line put in place since 2014, and that it also managed to stay above its 2015 peaks, gives us more confidence that the dollar correction is likely to have run its course (Chart I-11). Chart I-9BCA's Beige Book Monitor ##br##Improves Growth Will Strengthen BCA's Beige Book Monitor Improves Growth Will Strengthen BCA's Beige Book Monitor Improves Growth Will Strengthen Chart I-10Dollar Is ##br##Oversold Dollar Is Oversold Dollar Is Oversold Chart I-11USD/SEK Giving A Hopeful##br## Signal For DXY USD/SEK Giving A Hopeful Signal For DXY USD/SEK Giving A Hopeful Signal For DXY Bottom Line: The dollar has taken a beating in the wake of the scandals emerging out of the White House. In our view, these developments were only the catalyst that crystalized the last leg of the USD correction that begun in late 2016/early 2017. Ultimately, the bull case for the dollar predates Trump and rests on the dissipating slack in the U.S. economy. These developments are intact, even with Trump's fiascos in the foreground. Tactically, the dollar is now cheap enough and oversold enough to justify investors buy the DXY again. We are opening a long DXY trade this week. We remain long the dollar against most commodity currencies and EM currencies. The yen may continue to benefit if the budding weaknesses in the EM space gather further momentum. EUR/CAD Is A Short At this juncture, it would be natural for us to begin shorting the EUR against the USD. In fact, we believe the recent spike in the EUR has created a good shorting opportunity against the European currency. While we worry investors are becoming too pessimistic on the U.S., we believe investors are too optimistic regarding the capacity of the ECB to increase rates. Investors moved away from deep short positions on the euro and are now net long this currency. Also, while in July 2016 investors expected the first ECB rate hike to materialize in more than five years' time, they are now expecting the first repo rate hike to happen in just 24 months (Chart I-12). This looks premature. For comparison's sake, in the U.S. we are only seeing the early signs of labor market tightness, despite the last recession ending in the summer of 2009. Europe was victim to a double-dip recession, the last leg of which ended in 2013. This decreases the likelihood of Europe being at full employment today. More concretely, there remains plenty of hidden labor market slack in the euro area. In Europe, the main form of slack exists among workers hired under contracts, contracts that do not offer the same level of benefits and protections as regular employment. The euro area increasingly has a dual labor market, a condition that has weighed on wage growth for more than two decades in Japan. Today, as a result of such dynamics, the level of labor underutilization in Europe is still very elevated, which will continue to limit wage growth going forward (Chart I-13). Hence, core inflation dynamics in Europe are likely to prove disappointing and they will keep the ECB on a more dovish path than investors currently appreciate. Chart I-12Investors Too Optimistic On The ECB Investors Too Optimistic On The ECB Investors Too Optimistic On The ECB Chart I-13Labor Market Slack In The Euro Area Remains High Bloody Potomac Bloody Potomac For now we are electing to profit from this view by tactically shorting the euro against the CAD. We do believe there are problems in Canada, a topic we discussed a few weeks ago.5 But at this juncture, these worries seem well digested by markets. The Home Capital Group debacle has been front page news for weeks, but the aggregate banking sector remains strong, especially as loses on the mortgage holdings of Canadian banks will ultimately be passed on to the government through the insurance provided by the Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation. Additionally, in the wake of the deepening trade dispute on softwood lumber, the fears of a disintegration of NAFTA have hit Canada especially violently, with the CAD falling 16% against the peso since January 2017. Chart I-14EUR/CAD Is Toppy EUR/CAD Is Toppy EUR/CAD Is Toppy Tactically, the pieces are falling into place to favor the CAD over the EUR. Our Commodity and Energy group remains positive on the outlook for oil prices. The continuation of the output controls by OPEC and Russia remains binding as oil producers want to further curtail elevated oil inventories. Therefore, oil prices have little downside and may even experience further upside, helping the CAD in the process. Additionally, investor positioning is very skewed. Investors are massively short the CAD, especially when compared to the euro, which historically has provided a signal to short EUR/CAD (Chart I-14). This is re-enforced by our Intermediate-term technical indicator which shows EUR/CAD as massively overbought. Shorter-term momentum measures such as the RSI or the MACD have also been forming negative divergences with actual prices in recent days. Bottom Line: The euro is likely to suffer if the USD correction is indeed finishing. Hidden labor market slack remains a much deeper problem in Europe than in the U.S. and will limit the capacity of the ECB to increase rates in the next two years, as investors are currently expecting. For now, we are electing to short the euro against the CAD instead of against the USD. The Canadian dollar is oversold and oil prices have limited downside from here as supply adjustments remain positive. Moreover, investors are at record shorts on the CAD, especially when compared to the euro. Sweden Is Strong, But The Riksbank Still Haunts The SEK The long-term outlook for both Sweden and the Swedish krona remain bright but the ultra-dovish stance of the Riksbank remains a potent short-term hurdle. To begin with, the SEK offers great value. Not only is it trading at 24% and 8% discounts to its PPP fair value against the USD and the EUR, respectively, but the trade-weight SEK is also trading at a near one-sigma discount against our long-term fair value models (Chart I-15). Chart I-15SEK Is Cheap... But Is It Enough? SEK Is Cheap... But Is It Enough? SEK Is Cheap... But Is It Enough? Additionally, Sweden's net international investment position has moved back in positive territory in 2014, and now stands 16.4% of GDP (Chart I-16). This is not only a reflection of the weakness in the SEK since 2014, but is first and foremost the end-result of more than two decades of accumulated current account surpluses. This development is crucial. Not only does the positive income balance generated by assets in excess of international liabilities put a floor under the current account; historically, currencies with positive and growing net international investment positions tend to exhibit an upward bias. In terms of economic developments, employment growth in Sweden remains steady. Unemployment has been in a protracted downtrend, falling 2.9 percentage points since 2008 (Chart I-17). Yet, despite being well into full employment territory, wage growth has been absent. To a large degree, this reflects entrenched deflationary pressures in the Swedish economy. However, deflationary forces are abating. Chart I-16A Long-Term Driver Pointing North A Long-Term Driver Pointing North A Long-Term Driver Pointing North Chart I-17Swedish Labor Market At Full Employment Swedish Labor Market At Full Employment Swedish Labor Market At Full Employment To begin with, Sweden's output gap has recently entered positive territory, which historically has been a reliable indicator of inflationary pressures in this country (Chart I-18). Also, monetary aggregates, M1 in particular, continue to point toward higher inflation in Sweden. This means that with the employment market being at full capacity, the conditions for higher inflation in Sweden are emerging. Our expectation of an upcoming upturn in the Swedish credit impulse - which until now has been contracting and exerting deflationary forces on the economy - reinforces confidence in our inflation view. Credit growth tends to lag industrial activity, but our industrial production model for Sweden is perking up. Improving industrial variables suggest that credit will move from depressing demand back to supporting demand, further rekindling inflationary forces (Chart I-19). Chart I-18Swedish Inflation Is Set To Pick Up Swedish Inflation Is Set To Pick Up Swedish Inflation Is Set To Pick Up Chart I-19Swedish Credit Impulse Will Rebound Swedish Credit Impulse Will Rebound Swedish Credit Impulse Will Rebound With this positive backdrop for prices, should investors buy the SEK right now? The Riksbank continues to represent a great hurdle for SEK bulls. The Swedish central bank has one of the strongest dovish biases amongst global monetary guardians. Against expectations, it recently increased the duration of its asset purchase program, giving markets a strong signal that it is unlikely to increase rates soon. This means that the Riksbank is unlikely to tighten policy until it sees the "whites of inflation's eyes". While we are moving in the right direction, we are not there yet. Officially, the Riksbank targets CPIF, which currently clocks in at 2%. Yet, the emphasis of the central bank on domestic price dynamics implies that adjustment away from dovishness will only occur when core inflation itself moves to 2% (Chart I-20). This means that gains in the SEK will be limited. To begin with, EUR/SEK does have downside, and our view that the euro is getting overextended highlights that EUR/SEK could fall toward 9.3. However, beyond this level, gains should prove limited as Sweden is a small open economy and EUR/SEK plays a big role in tightening monetary conditions for that country. As a result, any move in EUR/SEK below 9.3 is likely to be unwelcomed by the Riksbank until core inflation moves closer to 2%. Versus the USD, it will be even more difficult for the SEK to rally. Historically, the SEK has been one of the most sensitive currencies to the dollar's trend, implying that strength in DXY could be magnified in USD/SEK. In fact, the absence of breakdown in USD/SEK in the face of violent dollar selling pressures this week suggests that the SEK could be a serious casualty of a rebounding dollar. Additionally, real rate differentials continue to move in favor of the U.S. dollar, with U.S. 2-year real rates now 180 basis points above that of Sweden (Chart I-21). With the Intermediate-term technical indicator for USD/SEK now hitting oversold levels, the downside for USD/SEK is very limited, further supporting the idea that any rebound in DXY could lead to significant weaknesses in SEK. Chart I-20Core Inflation Needs To Rise Core Inflation Needs To Rise Core Inflation Needs To Rise Chart I-21Rates Differentials Support A Lower SEK Rates Differentials Support A Lower SEK Rates Differentials Support A Lower SEK Bottom Line: The Swedish economy has adjusted and several factors are pointing toward a pickup in core inflation in the coming quarters. However, the Riksbank has maintained a strong dovish bias. We need to see an actual pick up in core inflation itself before the central bank moves away from its dovish bias. While EUR/SEK could weaken toward 9.3, more gains for the krona against the euro will prove elusive until the Riksbank sees firmer inflation. USD/SEK is a buy at current levels. Mathieu Savary, Vice President Foreign Exchange Strategy mathieu@bcaresearch.com Haaris Aziz, Research Assistant HaarisA@bcaresearch.com 1 Please see Foreign Exchange Strategy Weekly Report titled “The Last Innings Of The Dollar Correction”, dated April 21, 2017, available at fes.bcaresearch.com 2 Please see Geopolitical Strategy Special Report titled “Break Glass In Case Of Impeachment”, dated May 17, 2017, available at fes.bcaresearch.com 3 Please see Foreign Exchange Strategy Weekly Report titled “Dollar: The Great Redistributor”, dated October 7, 2016, available at fes.bcaresearch.com 4 Please see Foreign Exchange Strategy Weekly Report titled “The Last Innings Of The Dollar Correction”, dated April 21, 2017, available at fes.bcaresearch.com 5 Please see Foreign Exchange Strategy Weekly Report titled “AUD and CAD: Risky Business”, dated March 10, 2017, available at fes.bcaresearch.com Currencies U.S. Dollar Chart II-1USD Technicals 1 USD Technicals 1 USD Technicals 1 Chart II-2USD Technicals 2 USD Technicals 2 USD Technicals 2 The past week has been quite eventful for the greenback, slipping almost 2.3%. Most of the downside is owed to markets revising down rate expectations, on the basis of weak growth numbers and political scandals. The 10-year yield dropped, gold rose, and equities fell. There was also a large sell-off in EM currencies and a sharp appreciation in the yen. Furthermore, the soft patch in U.S. data continued as housing starts and building permits came in especially weak in April: 1.172 million and 1.229 million respectively, both underperforming consensus. Nevertheless, markets calmed after the release of stronger employment numbers with initial and continuing jobless claims beating expectations. The upswing in the Philly Fed index also helped revive sentiment. The dollar picked up Thursday morning following these releases. Interestingly, the DXY is at pre-election levels, which suggests that the dollar is nearing its bottom. Report Links: Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - April 28, 2017 The Last Innings Of The Dollar Correction - April 21, 2017 The Fed And The Dollar: A Gordian Knot - April 14, 2017 The Euro Chart II-3EUR Technicals 1 EUR Technicals 1 EUR Technicals 1 Chart II-4EUR Technicals 2 EUR Technicals 2 EUR Technicals 2 The euro has enjoyed significant upside as a result of Macron's victory and the dollar's drubbing. Weak data in the U.S. caused markets to revise growth expectations, pressuring the dollar downwards and the euro up. Further lifting the euro were comments by ECB President Mario Draghi, who highlighted that growth in the euro area is performing well. However, he also reiterated that "it is too early to declare success". These forces have lifted the euro to expensive levels on a tactical basis, suggesting the path of least resistance is most likely down as the ECB will find it hard to tighten policy and the dollar resumes its bull market. Data in the euro area has been mixed as of late without too much disappointment, and inflationary pressured remain unchanged. Report Links: Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - April 28, 2017 The Last Innings Of The Dollar Correction - April 21, 2017 The Fed And The Dollar: A Gordian Knot - April 14, 2017 The Yen Chart II-5JPY Technicals 1 JPY Technicals 1 JPY Technicals 1 Chart II-6JPY Technicals 2 JPY Technicals 2 JPY Technicals 2 After coming slightly above 114, USD/JPY has plunged by more than 3%, as a result of the market pricing increasing odds that president Trump will get impeached. Although we believe that the correction of the dollar has run its course, the end of the Trump trade might have triggered the sell-off we have been expecting in emerging markets. Thus we like to play this risk off period by shorting NZD/JPY. On the data side, news have mostly been negative: Machinery orders contracted by 0.7% YoY, underperforming expectations. Consumer confidence came in lower than last month at 43.2. Bank lending grew by a measly 3% YoY underperforming expectations. However, real GDP for Q1 came in at 0.5% QoQ, beating expectations. This was dampened by the weak GDP deflator, which contracted by tk%. We continue to be yen bears on a cyclical basis, as the fed will raise rates more than the markets expects, while the BoJ will continue anchoring 10-year yields around zero. Report Links: Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - April 28, 2017 U.S. Households Remain In The Driver's Seat - March 31, 2017 Et Tu, Janet? - March 3, 2017 British Pound Chart II-7GBP Technicals 1 GBP Technicals 1 GBP Technicals 1 Chart II-8GBP Technicals 2 GBP Technicals 2 GBP Technicals 2 Recent data in the U.K has been mixed: Industrial Production growth came in at 1.4%, underperforming expectations. However retail sales and retail sales ex-fuel growth came in at 4% and 4.5% respectively, both outpacing expectations. Crucially, both core and headline inflation came above expectations at 2.4% and 2.7% respectively. This surge in inflation is important as it raises the odds of a BoE hike this year, especially as the economy remains resilient. Moreover, as long term inflation expectations continue to be well anchored consumption is likely to continue to surprise as households are looking through the inflation caused by the depreciation in the pound. Overall, we continue to be positive on GBP against all other currencies but the U.S. dollar, given that the British economy will likely stay more resilient than investors are anticipating. Report Links: Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - April 28, 2017 The Last Innings Of The Dollar Correction - April 21, 2017 Updating Our Long-Term FX Value Models - February 17, 2017 Australian Dollar Chart II-9AUD Technicals 1 AUD Technicals 1 AUD Technicals 1 Chart II-10AUD Technicals 2 AUD Technicals 2 AUD Technicals 2 The RBA shed some light on the Australian economy through its most recent Minutes, highlighting that monetary policy needs to remain accommodative to support economic trends. It noted the negative hit to terms of trade as a result of Cyclone Debbie curtailing coking coal exports. China's housing market was also identified as a risk to Australia's exports and terms of trade. Nevertheless, this week the AUD was buoyant, helped by a weaker greenback. However, the factors above paint a bleak picture for the AUD's future. The very important employment figures depicted a similar trend to that of last year, with full-time employment in fact contracting while part-time employment picked up. Unemployment also declined by 0.2% to 5.7%, however, wages remain subdued. This corroborates the weaker core CPI measure of 1.5%, while the strong headline figure of 2.1% is likely to be transitory when the recent commodity-prices weakness kicks in. Report Links: Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - April 28, 2017 U.S. Households Remain In The Driver's Seat - March 31, 2017 AUD And CAD: Risky Business - March 10, 2017 New Zealand Dollar Chart II-11NZD Technicals 1 NZD Technicals 1 NZD Technicals 1 Chart II-12NZD Technicals 2 NZD Technicals 2 NZD Technicals 2 The RBNZ continues to much more accommodative than warranted. The monetary policy report highlighted that the recent surge in inflation is mainly attributable to tradables, and that non-tradable inflation is bound to increase very gradually. We continue to believe that the RBNZ is understating the inflationary pressures in the economy, as core inflation is already higher than 2%. Additionally, retail sales are growing at 10-year high and nominal GDP growth has skyrocketed to 7.5%, by far the highest in the G10. Right now, the market expects the first rate hike to come in 9 months. We believe that a rate hike at this point would be the bare minimum for the RBNZ to avoid an overheating in the economy. Thus expectations have nowhere to go than up and the NZD now has considerable upside against the AUD. Report Links: Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - April 28, 2017 U.S. Households Remain In The Driver's Seat - March 31, 2017 Et Tu, Janet? - March 3, 2017 Canadian Dollar Chart II-13CAD Technicals 1 CAD Technicals 1 CAD Technicals 1 Chart II-14CAD Technicals 2 CAD Technicals 2 CAD Technicals 2 USD/CAD has been somewhat weaker this past week as oil prices rebounded and the dollar fell. Oil prices are likely to see further upside as OPEC and Russia are likely to agree to another supply cut to support oil prices. Domestically, the economy is improving as unemployment is declining and PMIs are perking up. The BoC also identified the output gap to close earlier than expected in its last meeting. The almost 4% depreciation in the CAD in the past month has made the oil-based currency considerably cheap. When looking at EUR/CAD, the depreciation has been around 7.5%. With the euro now sitting in expensive territory, the ECB is unlikely to change its stance any time soon as inflation has not yet rooted itself, while peripheral economies' inflation remain weak. The CAD, however, is likely to see further upside on the back of increasing oil prices and a strengthening economy. These factors warrant a short EUR/CAD trade. Report Links: Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - April 28, 2017 The Fed And The Dollar: A Gordian Knot - April 14, 2017 And CAD: Risky Business -AUD March 10, 2017 Swiss Franc Chart II-15CHF Technicals 1 CHF Technicals 1 CHF Technicals 1 Chart II-16CHF Technicals 2 CHF Technicals 2 CHF Technicals 2 Following the election of Emmanuel Macron as the new president of France EUR/CHF skyrocketed, coming close to hitting 1.1. At this point EUR/CHF is a very attractive short, given that good news for the euro are likely to tapper now that the French election is behind us. When it comes to inflation, the ECB will likely focus on the lowest denominator, because in spite of higher inflation in some countries like Germany or Austria, inflationary pressures remain muted in most other economies. This will prevent the ECB from tightening monetary policy as fast as the market expects. Meanwhile, the possibilities that the SNB takes the floor off EUR/CHF at the end of this year or the beginning of 2018 are rising given that inflation and economic activity are slowly coming back to Switzerland. Report Links: Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - April 28, 2017 The Fed And The Dollar: A Gordian Knot - April 14, 2017 Updating Our Long-Term FX Value Models - February 17, 2017 Norwegian Krone Chart II-17NOK Technicals 1 NOK Technicals 1 NOK Technicals 1 Chart II-18NOK Technicals 2 NOK Technicals 2 NOK Technicals 2 USD/NOK has depreciated in the past weeks thanks to the fall in the dollar as well as rising oil prices. Additionally, the fall in inflation is slowing down, with core and headline inflation coming in at 1.7% and 2.2% respectively. Is it time to become bullish on the NOK against the U.S. dollar? We do not believe this is the case. While inflation might be close to bottoming it is unlikely to surpass the Norges Bank target in the coming years, given that inflationary pressures remain muted in Norway. Furthermore, given that USD/NOK is more sensitive to real rate differentials than oil prices, the effect of a dovish Norges Bank on USD/NOK will be much stronger than the impact of rising oil prices. Report Links: Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - April 28, 2017 Updating Our Long-Term FX Value Models - February 17, 2017 Outlook: 2017's Greatest Hits - December 16, 2016 Swedish Krona Chart II-19SEK Technicals 1 SEK Technicals 1 SEK Technicals 1 Chart II-20SEK Technicals 2 SEK Technicals 2 SEK Technicals 2 We expect the SEK to experience limited upside in the next 3-6 months. The Greenback is bottoming and we expect USD/SEK to pick up on the back of the dollar bull market. Furthermore, EUR/SEK has limited downside as the RIksbank wants to keep monetary conditions easy. Indeed, the Swedish central bank is also planning to officially target CPIF instead of the CPI. While both of these measures are near 2%, the behavior of the Riksbank suggests that it is in fact targeting core inflation. Core inflation itself is still somewhat depressed, as consumer activity remains weak. However, we expect core inflation to pick up on the back of a higher credit impulse and money supply growth, which should help the Riksbank exit its dovish tilt later this year. Report Links: Updating Our Intermediate Timing Models - April 28, 2017 Updating Our Long-Term FX Value Models - February 17, 2017 Outlook: 2017's Greatest Hits - December 16, 2016 Trades & Forecasts Forecast Summary Core Portfolio Tactical Trades Closed Trades

Highlights Uncovered Interest Rate Parity still works for currencies. However, it needs to be based on a combination of short- and long-term real rates. Currencies are also affected by the global risk appetite, as approximated by corporate spreads, and commodity prices. Based on our timing model­s, the countertrend correction in the dollar is toward its tailend. Any additional weakness should be used to buy the greenback. The euro is now expensive based on our timing model. However, it could become slightly more expensive as markets continue to price in the euro area-friendly outcome of the first round of the French election. Feature In July 2016, in a Special Report titled "In Search Of A Timing Model," we introduced a set of intermediate-term models to complement our long-term fair value models for various currencies.1 These groups of models provide additional discipline, a sanity check if you will, to our regular analysis. In this report, we review the logic underpinning these intermediate-term models and provide a commentary on their most recent readings for the G10 currencies vis-à-vis the USD. UIP, Revisited The uncovered interest rate parity (UIP) relationship is at the core of this modeling exercise. This theory suggests that an equilibrium exchange rate is the one that will make an investor indifferent between holding the bonds of country A or country B. This means that as interest rates rise in country A relative to country B, the currency of country B will fall today in order to appreciate in the future. These higher expected returns are what will drive investors to hold the lower-yielding bonds of country B (Chart 1). Chart 1Interest Rate Differentials Remain Useful ##br##Gauges For XR Determination Interest Rate Differentials Remain Useful Gauges For XR Determination Interest Rate Differentials Remain Useful Gauges For XR Determination There has long been a debate as to whether investors should focus on short rates or long rates when looking at exchange rates through the prism of UIP. Research by the Fed and the IMF suggest that incorporating longer-term rates to UIP models increases their accuracy.2 This informational advantage works whether policy rates are or aren't close to their lower bound.3 Incorporating long-term rates as an explanatory variable increases the performance of UIP models because exchange rate movements do not only reflect current interest rate conditions, but currency market investors also try to anticipate the path of interest rates over many periods. By definition, long-term bonds do just that as they are based on the expected path of short rates over their maturity - as well as a term premium, which compensates for the uncertain nature of future interest rates. There is another reason why long-term rate differential changes improve the power of UIP models. Since UIP models are based on the concept of investor indifference between assets in two countries, changes in the spreads between 10-year bonds in these two countries will create more volatility in the currency pair than changes in the spreads between 3-month rates. This is because an equivalent delta in the 10-year spread will have much greater impact on the relative prices of the bonds than on the short-term paper, courtesy of their much more elevated duration. To compensate for these greater changes in prices, the currency does have to overshoot its long-term PPP to a much greater extent to entice investors trading the long end of the curve. Bottom Line: The interest rate parity relationship still constitutes the bedrock of any shorter-term currency fair value model. However, to increase its accuracy, both long-term and short-term rates should be used. Real Rates Really Count Another perennial question regarding exchange rate determination is whether to use nominal or real rate differentials. At a theoretical level, real rates are what matter. Investors can look through the loss of purchasing power created by inflation. Therefore, exchange rates overshoot around real rate differentials, not nominal ones. On a practical level, there are additional reasons to believe that real rates should matter, especially when trying to explain currency moves beyond a few weeks. Indeed, various surveys and studies on models used by forecasters and traders show that FX professionals use purchasing power parity as well as productivity differential concepts when setting their forex forecasts.4 Indeed, as Chart 2 illustrates, real rate differentials have withstood the test of time as an explanatory variable for exchange rate dynamics, albeit with periods where rate differentials and the currency can deviate from each other. It is true that very often, nominal rate differentials can be used as a shorthand for real rate differentials as both interest rate gaps tend to move together. However, regularly enough, they do not. In countries with very depressed inflation expectations (Japan comes to the front of the mind), nominal and real rate differentials can in fact look very different (Chart 3). With the informational cost of incorporating market-based inflation expectations being very low, we find the shorthand unnecessary when building UIP-based models. Chart 2Over The Long Run, Real Rate ##br##Differentials Work Best Over The Long Run, Real Rate Differentials Work Best Over The Long Run, Real Rate Differentials Work Best Chart 3Real And Nominal Rates ##br##Can Be Different Real And Nominal Rates Can Be Different Real And Nominal Rates Can Be Different Finally, it is important to remark that in environments of high inflation, inflation differentials dominate any other factor when it comes to exchange rate determination. However, the currencies discussed in this report currently are not like Zimbabwe or Latin America in the early 1980s. Bottom Line: When considering an intermediate-term fair value model for exchange rates, investors should focus on real, not nominal long-term rate differentials. Global Risk Aversion And Commodity Prices Chart 4The Dollar Benefits From Global Woes The Dollar Benefits From Global Woes The Dollar Benefits From Global Woes Global risk appetite is also a key factor to consider when trying to model exchange rates. Risk aversion shocks tend to lead to an appreciation in the dollar, which benefits from its status as the global reserve currency.5 Much literature has often focused on the use of the VIX as a gauge for global risk appetite. Our exercise shows stronger explanatory power for the option-adjusted spreads on junk bonds (Chart 4). Commodity prices, too, play a key role. Historically, commodity prices have displayed a very strong negative correlation with the dollar.6 This correlation is obviously at its strongest for commodity-producing nations, as rising natural resource prices constitute a terms-of-trade-shock for them. However, this relationship holds up for the euro as well, something already documented by the ECB.7 The Models The models for each cross rate are built to reflect the insight gleaned above. Each cross is modeled on three variables, with the model computed on a weekly timeframe: Real rates differentials: We use the average of 2-year and 10-year real rates. The rates are deflated using inflation expectations. Global risk appetite: Proxied by junk OAS. Commodity prices: We use the Bloomberg Continuous Commodity Index. For all countries, the variables are statistically highly significant and of the expected signs. These models help us understand in which direction the fundamentals are pushing the currency. We refer to these as Fundamental Intermediate-Term Models (FITM). We created a second set of models, based on the variables above, which also include a 52-week moving average for each cross. Real rates differentials, junk spreads, and commodity prices remain statistically very significant and of the correct sign. They are therefore trend- and risk-appetite adjusted UIP-deviation models. These models are more useful as timing indicators on a 3-9 month basis, as their error terms revert to zero much faster. We refer to these as Intermediate-Term Timing Models (ITTM). The U.S. Dollar Chart 5Dollar Fundamentals Strengthening... Dollar Fundamentals Strengthening... Dollar Fundamentals Strengthening... Chart 6...But Timing Could Be Better To Buy DXY ...But Timing Could Be Better To Buy DXY ...But Timing Could Be Better To Buy DXY To model the dollar index (DXY), we used two approaches. In the first one, we took all the deviation from fair value for the pairs constituting the index, based on their weights in the DXY. In the second approach, we ran the model specifically for the DXY, using the three variables described above. U.S. real rates were compared to an average of euro area, Japanese, Canadian, British, Swiss, and Swedish real rates weighted by their contribution to the DXY. We then averaged both approaches, which gave us very similar results to begin with. The FITM for the DXY has stabilized and is now slowly moving upward (Chart 5). The ITTM itself is even pointing upward, arguing that the dollar is at a neutral level and that its previous overshoot has now been corrected. However, historically, the DXY rarely stabilizes at its fair value, overshooting the mark instead. Based on historical behavior, the DXY is likely to undershoot its ITTM by another two percent or so before an ideal entry point to buy the USD emerges (Chart 6). Longer term, we continue to expect the dollar to stay on an upward trend. The U.S. neutral rate remains above that of Europe and Japan. Moreover, U.S. economic slack is dissipating much faster than in Europe, and the U.S. may already be in the process of hitting its own capacity constraints. This suggests that the Fed has much greater scope to normalize policy than the ECB. With the OIS curve pricing in a 25 basis point hike in the U.S. over the next 12 months, this will support the USD versus the euro. Japan, too, exhibits increasing signs of limited slack in its economy. However, with the BoJ committed to an inflation overshoot in order to upwardly shock moribund Japanese inflation expectations, we think that Japanese real rates will lag U.S. ones, putting significant upside on USD/JPY. The Euro Chart 7Euro Fundamentals Are Deteriorating Euro Fundamentals Are Deteriorating Euro Fundamentals Are Deteriorating Chart 8The Euro Is No Longer Cheap The Euro Is No Longer Cheap The Euro Is No Longer Cheap The FITM for EUR/USD has rolled over and is now pointing south, suggesting that fundamentals are moving against the euro (Chart 7). This reflects large rate differentials between the U.S. and the euro area, but also, the recent softness in some corners of the commodity complex. Last spring, the FITM did a good job forecasting the rebound in the euro, and the fact that it is flagging impeding euro weakness deserves to be highlighted. In terms of entering a short EUR/USD tactical bet, at the current juncture, the ITTM suggests an entry point is soon to emerge (Chart 8). Now that the dueling pair of the second round of the French election has been determined - Macron vs Le Pen - the euro was able to price out nightmare scenarios involving two Eurosceptic candidates. In fact, with the realization that Macron holds a 20% lead over Le Pen in second round polling, the market has begun to completely price out any euro-endangering outcome for the French election. This means that the euro is likely to move toward its historical premium to the ITTM before reverting toward its cyclical downtrend. Practically, this means that EUR/USD could run toward 1.11-1.12 before rolling over, something that may happen by May 8th. On a 12- to 18-months basis, we are comfortable with the current message from the FITM. The European economy may be growing above trend, but there remains enough slack in Europe that wage and core inflation dynamics are still very muted. This contrasts with the U.S. economy, where most indicators we track argue that wages and core inflation should gain some upward momentum this year. This means that rate differentials between the euro area and the U.S. are likely to underperform even what is priced into the relative interest rate curves. This should weigh on EUR/USD as the euro is not cheap enough to compensate for these economic dynamics. The Yen Chart 9A Dovish BoJ Will Weigh ##br##On Yen Fundamentals A Dovish BoJ Will Weigh On Yen Fundamentals A Dovish BoJ Will Weigh On Yen Fundamentals Chart 10The Yen Is No Longer ##br##Tactically Cheap The Yen Is No Longer Tactically Cheap The Yen Is No Longer Tactically Cheap The FITM model shows that the post-election rally in USD/JPY was overdone as the yen's fundamentals have stopped deteriorating after October 2016 (Chart 9). As we see the growing likelihood of a decreasing deflationary impulse in Japan, the strong dovish commitment of the Bank of Japan should pull Japanese real rates lower vis-à-vis their U.S. counterparts. This underpins why we remain cyclical bears on the yen. Tactically, based on the ITTM, it will soon be time to close our short USD/JPY trade. While the yen had massively undershot any rational anchor in the wake of the Trump electoral victory, this undervaluation appears to have vanished after the yen's sharp rebound (Chart 10). A small overshoot in the yen is likely, but unless one is already short USD/JPY, this move should not be chased. In fact, USD/JPY below 108 should be used as an opportunity to reverse yen longs and play what may prove to be a powerful USD/JPY rally. The British Pound Chart 11GBP: A Long-Term Bargain... GBP: A Long-Term Bargain... GBP: A Long-Term Bargain... Chart 12...But Upside Against USD Is Limited ...But Upside Against USD Is Limited ...But Upside Against USD Is Limited According to the FITM, the pound's fair value has been stable post-Brexit, but it is now beginning to point lower. However, despite this turn of events, GBP/USD is currently trading at such an exceptional discount to the FITM - courtesy of a heightened geopolitical risk premium - that this deterioration in fair value is unlikely to matter much (Chart 11). Nonetheless, the fact that fundamentals have a negative directional bias for cable is prompting us to express our tempered optimism toward the pound by shorting EUR/GBP instead of buying GBP/USD. At a tactical level, the ITTM suggests that GBP/USD could have a bit more upside. GBP/USD is at equilibrium based on our timing model, but undershoots tend to be compensated by subsequent overshoots (Chart 12). That being said, with the ITTM still pointing south - in line with the FITM - any further rebound in GBP/USD is likely to prove to be limited. GBP/USD beyond 1.33 should be used as an opportunity to sell cable. On a multi-year basis, GBP is quite cheap, not only on a PPP basis, but also when incorporating relative productivity dynamics. This means that while we have a positive dollar-bias over the next 12-18 months, our favorite non-USD currency is currently the GBP. The June 8th general election is likely to give Theresa May the parliamentary majority she needs to have a more comfortable negotiating position with the EU, helping her obtain more advantageous terms for the U.K., re-enforcing our positive long-term bias on the GBP. The Canadian Dollar Chart 13Oil And Spreads Are Working##br##Against The Loonie... Oil And Spreads Are Working Against The Loonie... Oil And Spreads Are Working Against The Loonie... Chart 14...And So Is##br## Wilbur Ross ...And So Is Wilbur Ross ...And So Is Wilbur Ross According to the FITM, the aggregate fundamentals have rolled over and are beginning to point directionally south for the loonie: Oil has lost momentum, and rate differentials are not particularly flattering for the CAD (Chart 13). That being said, the CAD has greatly lagged these same fundamentals, probably as investors have been pondering the potential negative implications for NAFTA and Canada of the Trump administration. Our ITTM suggests that with this handicap taken into account, the CAD may not be a short after all (Chart 14). However, because the CAD is more sensitive to the trend in the broad U.S. dollar and general commodity prices than anything else, we prefer to express a positive bias on the loonie by buying it against the AUD, a commodity currency that does not trade at the same discount to its ITTM. The Swiss Franc Chart 15Inflationary Dynamics Should##br## Continue To Weigh On The Franc Inflationary Dynamics Should Continue To Weigh On The Franc Inflationary Dynamics Should Continue To Weigh On The Franc Chart 16No Clear Timing##br## Signals Yet No Clear Timing Signals Yet No Clear Timing Signals Yet Even if flat for the past year or so, the directional fundamentals on the Swiss franc vis-à-vis the USD still seems to be in a long-term bear market (Chart 15). This simply highlights the fact that with the U.S. economy able to generate some inflationary dynamics while Switzerland continues to suffer from pronounced deflationary anchors, U.S. real rates have more room to move upward than Swiss ones. In terms of timing, the ITTM is in the neutral zone, suggesting that there is no particularly compelling reason to buy or short USD/CHF at the current juncture (Chart 16). The SNB is unofficially targeting a floor under EUR/CHF around 1.06 to tame the deflationary impulse in Switzerland. While the Swiss economy is improving, it is not yet strong enough to handle a removal of this policy. In all likelihood, this means that for the rest of 2017, USD/CHF will remain a near-perfect mirror image of EUR/USD. The Australian Dollar Chart 17Iron Ore Prices: From Friend To Foe Iron Ore Prices: From Friend To Foe Iron Ore Prices: From Friend To Foe Chart 18No Valuation Cushion For AUD No Valuation Cushion For AUD No Valuation Cushion For AUD AUD/USD has not been able to break above 0.77, and the reason simply is that the forces embedded in the FITM have sharply rolled over (Chart 17). Not only have commodity prices stopped appreciating - with iron prices, the most crucial determinant of Australia's terms of trade down 21% - but U.S. short rates and long rates have been going up relative to Australia. Most disturbing for Australia, unlike the CAD it does not possess any cushion when analyzed through the prism of our ITTM (Chart 18). This suggests that the deteriorating Australian fundamentals are likely to be directly translated into a lower AUD/USD. Moreover, historically, previous undershoots in the AUD were followed by an overshoot. We do not think this time is any different; but the dovish slant of the RBA and the drubbing received by iron ore prices suggest that if the AUD overshoots, it will be because it may not fall as fast as its fundamentals at first. If that is the case, we do expect a catch-up later this year. As previously mentioned, the relative dynamics between the Canadian and Australian ITTM suggest that investors in commodity currencies should short AUD/CAD. Moreover, on a longer-term basis, we also favor oil producers over metal ones. The supply dynamics in the oil market are much more favorable than for metals. Not only have many global oil producers cut down their output, our sister publication Commodity And Energy strategy expects the OPEC + Russia agreement to be extended for the rest of 2017.8 Meanwhile, metal production cutbacks have been much more timid. The New Zealand Dollar Chart 19NZD Suffers From ##br##Similar Ills As AUD... NZD Suffers From Similar Ills As AUD... NZD Suffers From Similar Ills As AUD... Chart 20...However Inflationary Backdrop##br## Is More Favorable ...However Inflationary Backdrop Is More Favorable ...However Inflationary Backdrop Is More Favorable The fundamentals for the New Zealand dollar have also rolled over after having pointed to a strong Kiwi since February 2016 (Chart 19). Interestingly, the rollover in the NZD FITM has not been as sharp as the rollover in the Australian Dollar's FITM. The ITTM does argue that as with the CAD, the NZD does have a healthy margin of maneuver before the deteriorating fundamentals become a bidding constraint (Chart 20). In fact, the recent NZD weakness may have exaggerated the underlying deterioration in NZ data. The recent stronger-than-expected inflation data may prompt investors to reconsider their very dovish take on the RBNZ. Our preferred fashion to take advantage of the NZD's discount to its ITTM is also against the AUD. Both currencies are very exposed to EM and China shocks, and both currencies display a similar beta to the USD. As such, it is very rare for the NZD to trade at a discount to the ITTM while the AUD is at equilibrium. With the New Zealand domestic economy in better shape than that of Australia, our bet is that both currencies will have to converge, which should weigh on AUD/NZD. The Norwegian Krone Chart 21NOK Fundamentals Have Worsened ##br##Even With Firm Oil Prices NOK Fundamentals Have Worsened Even With Firm Oil Prices NOK Fundamentals Have Worsened Even With Firm Oil Prices Chart 22Not A Good Time To##br## Buy The Krone Yet Not A Good Time To Buy The Krone Yet Not A Good Time To Buy The Krone Yet Like other currencies, the fundamentals for the Norwegian krone have begun to roll over. The sharpness of that turnaround is particularly striking when one considers that oil prices have remained resilient, despite their recent weakness (Chart 21). NOK has taken the cue from the FITM and has weakened in line with fundamentals. Is it time to lean against this weakness and buy the NOK now? We doubt it. The NOK may benefit against the USD if the euro overshoots in the wake of the French election. However, the NOK has yet to correct previous overshoots, and the fact that it currently trades in line with the ITTM suggests that it provides very little insulation against any further deterioration in its own fundamentals (Chart 22). In the longer term, we are more positive on the NOK. It is cheap based on long-term models that take into account Norway's stunning net international position of 203% of GDP. Moreover, the high inflation registered between 2015 and 2016 is now over as the pass-through from the weak trade-weighted krone between 2014 and 2015 is gone. This means that the PPP fair value of the NOK has stopped deteriorating. The Swedish Krona Chart 23Dollar Strength Has Dislodged ##br##The SEK From Fundamentals Dollar Strength Has Dislodged The SEK From Fundamentals Dollar Strength Has Dislodged The SEK From Fundamentals Chart 24Taking Momentum Into Account##br## The SEK Is Not Cheap Taking Momentum Into Account The SEK Is Not Cheap Taking Momentum Into Account The SEK Is Not Cheap The SEK continues to display one of the highest beta to the USD of all the G10 currencies. As a result, when the USD is strong, even if fundamentals do not warrant it, the SEK is especially weak. The rally in the USD in the second half of 2016 took an especially brutal toll on the krona, which has dissociated itself from its pure fundamentals. If the dollar follows the recent improvement in its own FITM, then SEK too will weaken despite its apparent undershoot (Chart 23). Now, however, the SEK's weakness will follow the deterioration in directional fundamentals. The timing model corroborates this picture. The ITTM takes into account the trend of USD/SEK, and when this is done, the undervaluation of the SEK disappears (Chart 24). Over the next three to nine months, we expect U.S. rates to have more upside relative to European ones than is currently priced in by markets. Therefore, we anticipate the USD to strengthen further, and as a corollary, the SEK will suffer especially strongly under these circumstances. Mathieu Savary, Vice President Foreign Exchange Strategy mathieu@bcaresearch.com 1 Please see Foreign Exchange Strategy / Global Investment Strategy Special Report, "Assessing Fair Value In FX Markets," dated February 26, 206, available at fes.bcaresearch.com and gis.bcaresearch.com 2 Ravi Balakrishnan, Stefan Laseen, and Andrea Pescatori, "U.S. Dollar Dynamics: How Important Are Policy Divergence And FX Risk Premiums?" IMF Working Paper No.16/125 (July 2016); and Michael T. Kiley, "Exchange Rates, Monetary Policy Statements, And Uncovered Interest Parity: Before And After The Zero Lower Bound," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2013-17, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (January 2013). 3 Michael T. Kiley (January 2013). 4 Please see Yin-Wong Cheung, and Menzie David Chinn, "Currency Traders and Exchange Rate Dynamics: A Survey of the U.S. Market," CESifo Working Paper Series No. 251 (February 2000); and David Hauner, Jaewoo Lee, and Hajime Takizawa, "In which exchange rate models do forecasters trust?" IMF Working Paper No.11/116 (May 2010) for revealed preference approach based on published forecasts from Consensus Economics. 5 Ravi Balakrishnan, Stefan Laseen, and Andrea Pescatori (July 2016). 6 Ravi Balakrishnan, Stefan Laseen, and Andrea Pescatori (July 2016). 7 Francisco Maeso-Fernandez, Chiara Osbat, and Bernd Schnatz, "Determinants Of The Euro Real Effective Exchange Rate: A BEER/PEER Approach," Working Paper No.85, European Central Bank (November 2001). 8 Please see Commodity And Energy Strategy Weekly Report, "OPEC 2.0 Cuts Will Be Extended Into 2017H2; Fade The Skew And Get Long Calls Vs. Short Puts," dated April 20, 2017, available at ces.bcaresearch.com Trades & Forecasts Forecast Summary Core Portfolio Tactical Trades Closed Trades

Highlights Either go long Eurodollar / short Euribor June 2019 interest rate futures. Or long the U.S. 5-year T-bond / short German 5-year bund. Or long euro/dollar (though our preferred long euro expression is long euro/pound near term and long euro/yuan structurally). All three of the above are just one big correlated trade. Long-term equity investors should consider a 50:50 combination of Germany (DAX) and Sweden (OMX) as a superior alternative to the Eurostoxx50 or Eurostoxx600. But near term, remain cautious on risk-assets. Feature On the face of it, the ECB has committed to leave interest rates where they are for a very long time. "The Governing Council continues to expect the key ECB interest rates to remain at present or lower levels for an extended period of time, and well past the horizon of the net asset purchases"1 But take a closer look at this commitment, and an extended period of time could mean as little as a year. As things stand, "the horizon of the net asset purchases" has only nine more months to run, and "well past" could justifiably mean just six months or less beyond that. Furthermore, at the last press conference Draghi emphasized that forward guidance "is an expectation" and that the probabilities of the ECB's expectations are constantly changing. Remember also that the ECB has three policy interest rates:2 the deposit rate (-0.4%), the repo rate (0%) and the marginal lending rate (0.25%) - and the ECB doesn't have to move all three in tandem. Indeed in 2015, the ECB cut the deposit rate before the other two rates (Chart I-2). So it is quite conceivable that the ECB could hike the deposit rate before the other two rates and as soon as a year or so from now. Chart of the WeekGermany/Sweden Combination Has Run A Good Race With The U.S. Germany & Sweden Combination Has Run A Good Race With The U.S. Germany & Sweden Combination Has Run A Good Race With The U.S. Chart I-2The ECB Could Hike Its Deposit Rate Early The ECB Could Hike Its Deposit Rate Early The ECB Could Hike Its Deposit Rate Early ECB council member Ewald Nowotny hinted as much in a Handelsblatt interview last week, saying that all interest rates wouldn't have to be increased simultaneously nor to the same extent. "The ECB could raise the deposit rate earlier than the prime rate." A Major Mispricing: ECB Versus Fed This neatly brings us to one of the most extreme pricings in financial markets at the moment. The expected difference between ECB looseness and Fed tightness two years ahead stands at a 20-year extreme (Chart I-3). Chart I-3An Extreme Pricing: ECB Versus Fed An Extreme Pricing: ECB Versus Fed An Extreme Pricing: ECB Versus Fed Yet the percentage of the euro area population in employment is at an all-time high (Chart I-4), while on an apples for apples comparison, there is no difference between economic growth, inflation, or inflation expectations in the euro area and the U.S.3 Moreover, Draghi points out that "the risks surrounding euro area growth relate predominantly to global factors." If these global risks do materialise, it would prevent both the ECB and the Fed hiking rates through 2018. But if these global risks do not materialise, allowing the Fed to continue hiking through 2018, is it really conceivable that the ECB just sits pat? We think not. On this basis, investors should either go long Eurodollar / short Euribor June 2019 interest rate futures. Or long the U.S. 5-year T-bond / short German 5-year bund. Or long euro/dollar (though we prefer long euro/pound near term and long euro/yuan structurally). We say "either or" because all three positions are just one big correlated trade (Chart I-5). Chart I-4Percentage Of Euro Area Population In##br## Employment Near An All-Time High! Percentage Of Euro Area Population In Employment Near An All-Time High! Percentage Of Euro Area Population In Employment Near An All-Time High! Chart I-5Correlated Trade: Interest Rate Futures,##br## Bond Yield Spreads, Ans EUR/USD Correlated Trade: Interest Rate Futures, Bond Yield Spreads, And EUR/USD Correlated Trade: Interest Rate Futures, Bond Yield Spreads, And EUR/USD The French Election: "System 1" And "System 2" The looming risk to this big correlated trade takes the form of the upcoming French Presidential Election. Two data points do not make a trend, but some people are worried that the same dynamic that delivered shock electoral victories for Brexit and Donald Trump in 2016 could propel Marine Le Pen to the Elysée Palace in 2017. This worry is overdone. In explaining the Brexit and Trump shock victories, an important point has been understated. These days many voters care more about politicians' personalities than policies. Emotional appeal arguably matters more than rational appeal. Behavioural psychologist and Nobel Laureate Daniel Kahneman calls the emotional way of thinking "System 1", and the colder rational way of thinking "System 2". Both the Brexit and Trump campaigns resonated strongly with emotional System 1. A lot of voters warmed to Boris Johnson, a leader of the Brexit campaign, and to Donald Trump. By contrast, the Bremain and Hillary Clinton campaigns tried to appeal mainly to cold rational System 2. But as Kahneman explains, when cold rational System 2 competes with emotional System 1, emotional System 1 almost always wins. In this regard, the dynamic of the French Presidential election is very different to the U.K.'s EU Referendum and the U.S. Presidential Election. Charles Grant, director of the Centre for European Reform, points out that "Emmanuel Macron's personality, and notably his charm, calm authority and courage may well (emotionally) appeal to more voters than Marine Le Pen's simplistic remedies and bitterness." Therefore, a final run off between Le Pen and Macron - as now seems highly likely - does not give us sleepless nights. But we would be concerned if the final run off were between Le Pen and the much less emotionally appealing François Fillon (Chart I-6 and Chart I-7). Chart I-6A Final Run Off Between Le Pen & Macron... A Final Run Off Between Le Pen & Macron... A Final Run Off Between Le Pen & Macron... Chart I-7...Does Not Give Us Sleepless Nights ...Does Not Give Us Sleepless Nights ...Does Not Give Us Sleepless Nights Incidentally, both Daniel Kahneman and Charles Grant will be speaking at our forthcoming New York Conference on September 25-26, and promise to provide fascinating investment insights from their areas of expertise. So book your places now! A Better Way To Invest In Europe: Germany And Sweden All of this might suggest that the Eurostoxx50 should outperform the S&P500. Not necessarily. Extreme economic and political tail-events aside, there is almost no connection between national or regional economic relative performance and stock market relative performance. As we demonstrated in the Fallacy Of Division,4 by far the biggest driver of Eurostoxx50 versus S&P500 performance is its sector skew. The Eurostoxx50 has a major 15% weighting to banks and a minor 7% weighting to tech. The S&P500 is the mirror image; a minor 7% weighting to banks and a major 22% weighting to tech. Furthermore, this overarching driver is captured in just the three largest euro area banks versus the three largest U.S. tech stocks. So relative performance simply reduces to whether Banco Santander, BNP Paribas and ING outperform Apple, Microsoft and Google,5 or vice-versa. Everything else is largely irrelevant. But this begs the question: can a different combination of European markets neutralise the sector skew and thereby provide a fairer head-to-head contest with the tech-heavy S&P500? At first glance, the answer seems to be no. Europe simply does not have the same type of technology companies that the U.S. has. So no combination of European markets can match the S&P500 tech exposure. On the other hand, Europe is the world-leader in a different type of technology: innovative industrial equipment and materials. It turns out that a 50:50 combination of Germany (DAX) and Sweden (OMX) matches the exposure to European industrial equipment and materials with the exposure to American tech. At the same time, the DAX/OMX combination largely removes Europe's bank overweight. The upshot is that the DAX/OMX combination has run a very good race with the S&P500 through the past 10 years, while the Eurostoxx50 has failed to keep the pace (Chart of the Week). In effect, DAX/OMX versus S&P500 reduces to Siemens, Bayer and Atlas Copco versus Apple, Microsoft and Google (Chart I-8). Compared to the euro area banks, Europe's innovative industrial equipment and materials are a much better long-term match-up against U.S. tech (Chart I-9). Indeed, my colleague, Brian Piccioni, BCA Technology strategist, points out that Bayer is a good play on the revolutionary new genetic modification technology CRISPR-Cas9.6 Chart I-8DAX/OMX Vs. S&P500 = Siemens, Bayer & Atlas Copco ##br##Vs. Apple, Microsoft & Google DAX/OMX Vs. S&P500 = Siemens, Bayer & Atlas Copco Vs. Apple, Microsoft & Google DAX/OMX Vs. S&P500 = Siemens, Bayer & Atlas Copco Vs. Apple, Microsoft & Google Chart I-9European Innovative Industrial Equipment & Materials ##br##Is A Good Match-Up Against American Tech European Innovative Industrial Equipment & Materials Is A Good Match-Up Against American Tech European Innovative Industrial Equipment & Materials Is A Good Match-Up Against American Tech Investors who want a long-term equity exposure to Europe should consider a 50:50 combination of Germany (DAX) and Sweden (OMX) as a superior alternative to the Eurostoxx50 or Eurostoxx600. Nevertheless, those who can fine-tune their timing should await a better entry-point for all risk-assets. Dhaval Joshi, Senior Vice President European Investment Strategy dhaval@bcaresearch.com 1 From the ECB introductory statement to the press conference, March 9 2017. 2 The deposit rate (-0.4%) is the rate at which commercial banks park their excess liquidity; the repo rate (0%) is the usually quoted policy rate for the ECB's standard money market operations; and the marginal lending rate (0.25%) is the rate at which commercial banks borrow from the central bank, usually when they cannot access interbank funding. 3 Please see the European Investment Strategy Weekly Report 'Fake News In Europe' January 26, 2017 available at eis.bcaresearch.com 4 Published on March 9, 2017 and available at eis.bcaresearch.com 5 Listed as Alphabet. 6 Please see the Technology Strategy and Global Investment Strategy Special Report 'CRISPR-Cas9: Investment Implications' March 17, 2017 available at www.bcaresearch.com Fractal Trading Model* There are no new trades this week. We are expressing a tactical short position in equities through a short exposure to the Netherlands AEX. For any investment, excessive trend following and groupthink can reach a natural point of instability, at which point the established trend is highly likely to break down with or without an external catalyst. An early warning sign is the investment's fractal dimension approaching its natural lower bound. Encouragingly, this trigger has consistently identified countertrend moves of various magnitudes across all asset classes. Chart I-10 Short AEX Short AEX * For more details please see the European Investment Strategy Special Report "Fractals, Liquidity & A Trading Model," dated December 11, 2014, available at eis.bcaresearch.com The post-June 9, 2016 fractal trading model rules are: When the fractal dimension approaches the lower limit after an investment has been in an established trend it is a potential trigger for a liquidity-triggered trend reversal. Therefore, open a countertrend position. The profit target is a one-third reversal of the preceding 13-week move. Apply a symmetrical stop-loss. Close the position at the profit target or stop-loss. Otherwise close the position after 13 weeks. Use the position size multiple to control risk. The position size will be smaller for more risky positions. Fractal Trading Model Recommendations Equities Bond & Interest Rates Currency & Other Positions Closed Fractal Trades Trades Closed Trades Asset Performance Currency & Bond Equity Sector Country Equity Indicators Bond Yields Chart II-1Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Chart II-2Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Chart II-3Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Chart II-4Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Interest Rate Chart II-5Indicators To Watch##br## - Interest Rate Expectations Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart II-6Indicators To Watch##br## - Interest Rate Expectations Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart II-7Indicators To Watch##br## - Interest Rate Expectations Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart II-8Indicators To Watch##br## - Interest Rate Expectations Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations

The Tactical Asset Allocation model can provide investment recommendations which diverge from those outlined in our regular weekly publications. The model has a much shorter investment horizon - namely, one month - and thus attempts to capture very tactical opportunities. Meanwhile, our regular recommendations have a longer expected life, anywhere from 3-months to a year (or longer). This difference explains why the recommendations between the two publications can deviate from each other from time to time. Highlights In February, the model underperformed global equities and the S&P 500 in USD and local-currency terms. For March, the model slightly increased its allocation to stocks and cut its weighting in bonds (Chart 1). Within the equity portfolio, the allocation to Europe was increased. The model boosted its weightings to French and Australian bonds at the expense of Canadian and Swedish paper. The risk index for stocks, as well as the one for bonds, deteriorated in February. Feature Performance In February, the recommended balanced portfolio gained 2.1% in local-currency terms, and 0.2% in U.S. dollar terms (Chart 2). This compares with a gain of 3% for the global equity benchmark and a 3.3% gain for the S&P 500. Given that the underlying model is structured in local-currency terms, we generally recommend that investors hedge their positions, though we provide suggestions on currency risk exposure from time to time. The high allocation to bonds continued to hold back the model's performance. Chart 1Model Weights Model Weights Model Weights Chart 2Portfolio Total Returns Portfolio Total Returns Portfolio Total Returns Weights The model increased its allocation to stocks from 53% to 57%, and cut its bond weighting from 47% to 43% (Table 1). Table 1Model Weights (As Of February 23, 2017) Tactical Asset Allocation And Market Indicators Tactical Asset Allocation And Market Indicators The model increased its equity allocation to Dutch and Swedish equities by 4 points each, Germany and New Zealand by 2 points each, and France and Emerging Asia by 1 point each. Weightings were cut in Italy by 4 points, Latin America by 3 points, Spain by 2 points, and Switzerland by 1 point. In the fixed-income space, the allocation to Australia was boosted by 8 points, France by 6 points, and Germany by 4 points. The model cut its exposure to Swedish bonds by 9 points, Canadian bonds by 6 points, U.S. and U.K. bonds by 3 points each, and Kiwi bonds by 1 point. Currency Allocation Local currency-based indicators drive the construction of our model. As such, the performance of the model's portfolio should be compared with the local-currency global equity benchmark. The decision to hedge currency exposure should be made at the client's discretion, though from time to time, we do provide our recommendations. The most recent bout of dollar depreciation was halted in February. Our Dollar Capitulation Index is below neutral levels. However, it is not extended, meaning that it does not preclude renewed dollar weakness in the near term. That said, assuming no major negative economic surprises, a relatively more hawkish Fed versus its peers should provide support for the dollar (Chart 3). Chart 3U.S. Trade-Weighted Dollar* And Capitulation U.S. Trade-Weighted Dollar* And Capitulation U.S. Trade-Weighted Dollar* And Capitulation Capital Market Indicators The risk index for commodities was little changed in February. The model continues to avoid this asset class (Chart 4). The risk index for global equities rose to its highest level since early 2010, mostly on the back of deteriorating value. Despite this, the model slightly increased its allocation to equities (Chart 5). Chart 4Commodity Index And Risk Commodity Index And Risk Commodity Index And Risk Chart 5Global Stock Market And Risk Global Stock Market And Risk Global Stock Market And Risk The rally in U.S. stocks - driven by optimism about the economic outlook - pushed the value component of the risk index into expensive territory. The model kept a small allocation in U.S. equities. A change in the perception about the ability of the new U.S. administration to boost growth remains a risk for this market (Chart 6). The risk index for euro area equities continues to deteriorate. However, it remains lower than its U.S. counterpart. The continued flow of solid economic data and a weaker currency should bode well for euro area stocks, although political uncertainty is a potential headwind (Chart 7). Chart 6U.S. Stock Market And Risk U.S. Stock Market And Risk U.S. Stock Market And Risk Chart 7Euro Area Stock Market And Risk Euro Area Stock Market And Risk Euro Area Stock Market And Risk All three components of the risk index for Dutch equities are close to neutral levels. As a result, despite the recent deterioration in the overall risk index, it remains one of the lowest among the markets the model covers (Chart 8). The risk index for Swedish stocks worsened. However, the model increased its allocation to this bourse. Swedish equities would be a beneficiary of the continued risk-on environment (Chart 9). Chart 8Netherlands Stock Market And Risk Netherlands Stock Market And Risk Netherlands Stock Market And Risk Chart 9Swedish Stock Market And Risk Swedish Stock Market And Risk Swedish Stock Market And Risk The momentum indicator for global bonds is less stretched in February. Meanwhile, despite its latest decline, the cyclical indicator continues to signal that the positive global economic backdrop is firmly bond-bearish. Taken all together, the risk index for bonds deteriorated in February, although it still remains in the low-risk zone (Chart 10). U.S. Treasury yields moved sideways in February as investors await more guidance from the Fed on the timing of the next hike. A bond-negative cyclical indicator coupled with the unwinding of oversold conditions - as per the momentum measure - led to a deterioration in the risk index for U.S. Treasurys. The latter is almost back to neutral levels. The model trimmed the allocation to this asset class (Chart 11). Chart 10Global Bond Yields And Risk Global Bond Yields And Risk Global Bond Yields And Risk Chart 11U.S. Bond Yields And Risk U.S. Bond Yields And Risk U.S. Bond Yields And Risk The momentum indicator remains the main driver of the risk index for Canadian bonds. As a result, the less extreme momentum reading translated into an increase in the risk index for this asset class. (Chart 12). The risk index for Australian bonds moved lower in February, reflecting improvements in all three of its components. The model included the relatively high-yielding Aussie bonds in the portfolio. (Chart 13). Chart 12Canadian Bond Yields And Risk Canadian Bond Yields And Risk Canadian Bond Yields And Risk Chart 13Australian Bond Yields And Risk Australian Bond Yields And Risk Australian Bond Yields And Risk The cyclical indicator for euro area bonds is near expensive levels, and the momentum indicator shows heavily oversold conditions. These two measures are offsetting the cyclical one that is sending a bond-bearish message. While the overall risk index for euro area bonds is in the low-risk zone, the country allocation is concentrated in French paper (Chart 14). The risk level for French bonds is seen as low thanks to oversold momentum. French presidential elections are probably the most important political event in Europe this year. Whether the models' heavy allocation to this asset pans out hinges to a certain extent on the reduction of investor anxiety about this political risk (Chart 15). Chart 14Euro Area Bond Yields And Risk Euro Area Bond Yields And Risk Euro Area Bond Yields And Risk Chart 15French Bond Yields And Risk French Bond Yields And Risk French Bond Yields And Risk The 13-week momentum measure for the dollar broke below the zero line, and is currently sitting on its upward-sloping trendline, drawn from the 2010 lows, that has been broken only once before. Meanwhile, the 40-week rate of change measure is still suggesting that the dollar bull market has more legs on a cyclical horizon. Monetary divergences should lend support to the dollar over the cyclical horizon, although the new administration's attempts to talk down the dollar as well as heightened policy uncertainty could translate into more volatility (Chart 16). The weakening trend in the yen hit a snag two months ago, as the 13-week momentum measure reached the lows that previously foreshadowed a consolidation phase after sharp depreciations. This short-term rate-of-change measure has bounced smartly this year reaching a critical level. Meanwhile, the 40-week rate-of-change measure is not warning of a major change in the underlying trend which remains dictated by BoJ's dovish bias (Chart 17). EUR/USD has been gravitating towards 1.05 over the course of February. The short-term rate-of-change measure seems to be holding at the neutral level, while the 40-week rate-of-change measure is in negative territory, but hardly stretched. Political uncertainty has the potential to drive the euro in near term, but the longer-term outlook is mostly a function of the monetary policy divergence between the ECB and the Fed (Chart 18). Chart 16U.S. Trade-Weighted Dollar* U.S. Trade-Weighted Dollar* U.S. Trade-Weighted Dollar* Chart 17Yen Yen Yen Chart 18Euro Euro Euro Miroslav Aradski, Senior Analyst miroslava@bcaresearch.com

The Tactical Asset Allocation model can provide investment recommendations which diverge from those outlined in our regular weekly publications. The model has a much shorter investment horizon - namely, one month - and thus attempts to capture very tactical opportunities. Meanwhile, our regular recommendations have a longer expected life, anywhere from 3-months to a year (or longer). This difference explains why the recommendations between the two publications can deviate from each other from time to time. Highlights In December, the model underperformed global equities and the S&P in USD and local-currency terms. For January, the model increased its allocation to stocks and reduced its allocation to bonds (Chart 1). Within the equity portfolio, the weighting to euro area stocks was increased. The model boosted its allocation to Canadian and Swedish bonds at the expense of other European markets. The risk index for stocks deteriorated in December, as did the bond risk index. Feature Performance In December, the recommended balanced portfolio gained 2.1% in local-currency terms and 0.8% in U.S. dollar terms (Chart 2). This compares with a gain of 2.9% for the global equity benchmark and a 3.4% gain for the S&P 500 index. Given that the underlying model is structured in local-currency terms, we generally recommend that investors hedge their positions, though we provide other suggestions on currency risk exposure from time to time. The continued bonds selloff was a drag on the model's performance in December. Chart 1Model Weights bca.gis_taami_2016_12_23_c1 bca.gis_taami_2016_12_23_c1 Chart 2Portfolio Total Returns bca.gis_taami_2016_12_23_c2 bca.gis_taami_2016_12_23_c2 Weights The model increased its allocation to stocks from 53% to 57%, and trimmed its bond weighting from 47% to 43% (Table 1). The model boosted its equity allocation to Spain by 3 points, Germany by 2 points, Italy by 1 point, Japan by 1 point and France by 1 point. Meanwhile, weightings were reduced in Sweden by 3 points and New Zealand by 1 point. In the fixed-income space, the allocation to Canadian paper was boosted by 5 points, Sweden by 3 points, New Zealand by 2 points. The allocation to Italian bonds was reduced by 6 points, France by 4 points, U.K. by 3 points, and U.S. Treasurys by 1 point. Table 1Model Weights (As Of December 22, 2016) Tactical Asset Allocation And Market Indicators Tactical Asset Allocation And Market Indicators Currency Allocation Local currency-based indicators drive the construction of our model. As such, the performance of the model's portfolio should be compared with the local-currency global equity benchmark. The decision to hedge currency exposure should be made at the client's discretion, though from time to time, we do provide our recommendations. The dollar's attempt at consolidating its gains was cut short by the hawkish Fed. As a result, our Dollar Capitulation Index is back to levels that indicate the rally in the broad trade-weighted dollar could pause. However, unless the new administration pours cold water on expectations of a major fiscal boost, monetary policy divergence will underpin the dollar bull market (Chart 3). Chart 3U.S. Trade-Weighted Dollar* And Capitulation U.S. Trade-Weighted Dollar* And Capitulation U.S. Trade-Weighted Dollar* And Capitulation Capital Market Indicators The risk index for commodities improved slightly reflecting a better reading from the momentum indicator. However, this asset class remains excluded from the portfolio (Chart 4). The risk index for global equities remains at the highest level in over two years. Despite this, our model slightly increased its allocation in equities following four consecutive months of reductions (Chart 5). Chart 4Commodity Index And Risk bca.gis_taami_2016_12_23_c4 bca.gis_taami_2016_12_23_c4 Chart 5Global Stock Market And Risk bca.gis_taami_2016_12_23_c5 bca.gis_taami_2016_12_23_c5 The deterioration in the value and liquidity indicators for U.S. stocks was offset by some improvement in the momentum reading. As a result, the risk index for U.S. stocks was flat in December (Chart 6). The risk index for euro area equities increased in December and is now at neutral levels. However, even after the latest increase, the risk index for euro area stocks is noticeably lower than the U.S. measure (Chart 7). Positive growth momentum and a weaker currency could provide support for the euro area equities. Chart 6U.S. Stock Market And Risk bca.gis_taami_2016_12_23_c6 bca.gis_taami_2016_12_23_c6 Chart 7Euro Area Stock Market And Risk bca.gis_taami_2016_12_23_c7 bca.gis_taami_2016_12_23_c7 The model slightly increased its allocation to German equities despite the deterioration in the risk index (Chart 8). Unlike most of the equity risk indexes in the model's universe, the one for Emerging Asian stocks improved in December. The model kept its allocation to this asset unchanged (Chart 9). Chart 8German Stock Market And Risk bca.gis_taami_2016_12_23_c8 bca.gis_taami_2016_12_23_c8 Chart 9Emerging Asian Stock Market And Risk bca.gis_taami_2016_12_23_c9 bca.gis_taami_2016_12_23_c9 The risk index for bonds deteriorated in December, but remains at a historically low-risk level reflecting oversold readings from the momentum indicator. The model has trimmed its allocation to bonds a touch (Chart 10). The risk index for U.S. Treasurys was little changed in December. Despite its very low risk reading, the model is adding allocation to bond markets that feature more oversold conditions. (Chart 11). Chart 10Global Bond Yields And Risk bca.gis_taami_2016_12_23_c10 bca.gis_taami_2016_12_23_c10 Chart 11U.S. Bond Yields And Risk U.S. Bond Yields And Risk U.S. Bond Yields And Risk Canadian bonds remain massively oversold based on our momentum measure, and the overall risk index is at extremely low-risk levels. The model boosted its allocation to this asset (Chart 12). With oversold conditions unwinding and the cyclical indicator moving in a more bond-negative direction, the overall risk index for Italian bonds has shifted back to neutral levels. The model has excluded this asset class from its allocation (Chart 13). Chart 12Canadian Bond Yields And Risk Canadian Bond Yields And Risk Canadian Bond Yields And Risk Chart 13Italian Bond Yields and Risk bca.gis_taami_2016_12_23_c13 bca.gis_taami_2016_12_23_c13 U.K. bonds remain deeply in low-risk territory, despite a small deterioration in its risk index. The oversold reading in the momentum measure is completely overshadowing the negative signal from the cyclical indicator. Allocation to gilts remains one of the highest in the bond universe, even after the model trimmed its exposure to this market (Chart 14). The risk index for Swedish bonds fell once again in December reflecting improved readings in all of its components. Extremely oversold conditions dominate the overall risk index and suggest that a pullback in yields is overdue. The model boosted its allocation to Swedish paper. (Chart 15). Chart 14U.K. Bond Yields And Risk U.K. Bond Yields And Risk U.K. Bond Yields And Risk Chart 15Swedish Bond Yields And Risk bca.gis_taami_2016_12_23_c15 bca.gis_taami_2016_12_23_c15 Currency Technicals The 13-week momentum measure indicates that the dollar's ascent could face near-term resistance. However, the continued recovery in the 40-week rate of change measure suggests that the dollar bull market has more upside. The latest round of central bank meetings reinforces the monetary divergence between the Fed on one side, and the ECB and BoJ on the other (Chart 16). With the prospect of the Bank of Canada staying put, while its southern peer gradually raises rates, the rate differential should exert downward pressure on the CAD/USD. Technically, the breakdown of the longer-term rate-of-change measure is pointing in that direction. In addition, the short-term rate of change metric is not stretched. However, the risk to this view is that the headwinds for the loonie arising from monetary policy divergences can be mitigated by higher oil prices (Chart 17). With the BoJ pegging nominal JGB yields, the differential in real rates is supportive of a stronger USD/JPY. This cyclical outlook for the yen is being confirmed by the 40-week rate of change measure. That said, the 13-week momentum measure is at levels that have signaled a pause in the yen weakening trend in both 2013 and 2015 (Chart 18). Chart 16U.S. Trade-Weighted Dollar* bca.gis_taami_2016_12_23_c16 bca.gis_taami_2016_12_23_c16 Chart 17Canadian Dollar Canadian Dollar Canadian Dollar Chart 18Yen bca.gis_taami_2016_12_23_c18 bca.gis_taami_2016_12_23_c18 Miroslav Aradski, Senior Analyst miroslava@bcaresearch.com